Thorax Flashcards
The superior and inferior mediastinum are separated by an imaginary line at what level ?
T4
What structure are located in the anterior mediastinum ?
Thymus and Phrenic nerve
what major structures are located in the middle mediastinum ?
Heart
Tracheal bifurcation [T4]
arch of aorta
pulmonary trunk
SCV
what structures are located in the posterior mediastinum ?
Vagus nerve
oesophagus descending aorta
At what level does the trachea bifurcate ?
T4/5
What structure is most anterior at the level of the hilum ?
phrenic nerve
List the structure in the lung hilum [lung root]
The root of the lung is formed by:
a principal bronchus on one side
the eparterial and hyparterial bronchus on the other side
one pulmonary artery
two pulmonary veins
the bronchial arteries (one on one side and two on the other)
the bronchial veins
the pulmonary plexuses of nerves
lymphatic vessels
bronchial lymph nodes
areolar tissue
How many pulmonary arteries and veins are located in the lung hilum ?
1 artery, 2 veins
Elevated calcium in the presence of lung cancer is characteristic of what condition ?
SCC of the lung secreting PTHrP
what produces heart sounds ?
closure of valves
what muscles contract to prevent prolapse of the heart valves into the atria ?
Papillary muscles
how many leaflets do the semilunar valves have ?
3 leaflets
what are the aortic sinuses ?
The left and right aortic sinuses mark the origin of the left and right coronary arteries. As blood recoils during ventricular diastole, it fills the aortic sinuses and enters the coronary arteries to supply the myocardium.
Which valve of the heart only contains two leaflets or cusps?
Mitral [biscuspid]
where do the right and left coronary arteries originate ?
aortic sinuses
cardiac venous drainge is into the posterior located coronary sinus. Where dose the coronary sinus drian into ?
Right atrium
what is the largest tributary to the coronary sinus ?
Great cardiac vein
what artery supplies the left atrium ?
Left circumflex
what arteries supply the left ventricle ?
Left anterior descending
left circumeflex
left marginal
what aretery supplies the SA and AV node
Right coronary artery
what nerve innervated the pericardium ?
phrenic nerve [C3-C5]
how many pulmonary veins are there ?
4
describe the attachment of the ribs
Ribs 1-7 attach independently to the sternum.
Ribs 8 – 10 attach to the costal cartilages superior to them.
Ribs 11 and 12 do not have an anterior attachment and end in the abdominal musculature. Because of this, they are sometimes called ‘floating ribs’.
describe a flail segment
If two or more fractures occur in two or more adjacent ribs,
what is the posterior border of the anterior mediastinum ?
Pericardium
what vascular structures are found in the middle mediastinum ?
Ascending aorta
SVC
Pulmonary trunk
How many valves are there between the superior vena cava and the right atrium?
0
A rise in 2,3-DPG concentration causes a shift to the right of the oxygen dissociation curve i.e oxygen us offloaded to supply tissues.
Under what conditions does 2,3-DPG rise ?
Hypoxia and Haemolysis
Where is the lung are foreign bodies most likely to settle ?
RIGHT LOWER LOBE
The right main bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical
what effect does IPPV have on cardiac output ?
IPPV increases intra thoracic pressure [this is normally negative] - the effect of this is reduced venous return, reduced cardiac output and drop in blood pressure.
what specific artery supplies the AV node
*right coronary artery is generic - be specific
The AV node is supplied by the posterior interventricular artery.
The posterior interventricular artery is a branch of the right coronary artery.
what type of lung cancer classically secrete PTHrP ?
squamous cell carcinoma
what type of lung cancer classically secrete ADH and ATCH
Small cell lung Ca
