Thorax Flashcards
The superior and inferior mediastinum are separated by an imaginary line at what level ?
T4
What structure are located in the anterior mediastinum ?
Thymus and Phrenic nerve
what major structures are located in the middle mediastinum ?
Heart
Tracheal bifurcation [T4]
arch of aorta
pulmonary trunk
SCV
what structures are located in the posterior mediastinum ?
Vagus nerve
oesophagus descending aorta
At what level does the trachea bifurcate ?
T4/5
What structure is most anterior at the level of the hilum ?
phrenic nerve
List the structure in the lung hilum [lung root]
The root of the lung is formed by:
a principal bronchus on one side
the eparterial and hyparterial bronchus on the other side
one pulmonary artery
two pulmonary veins
the bronchial arteries (one on one side and two on the other)
the bronchial veins
the pulmonary plexuses of nerves
lymphatic vessels
bronchial lymph nodes
areolar tissue
How many pulmonary arteries and veins are located in the lung hilum ?
1 artery, 2 veins
Elevated calcium in the presence of lung cancer is characteristic of what condition ?
SCC of the lung secreting PTHrP
what produces heart sounds ?
closure of valves
what muscles contract to prevent prolapse of the heart valves into the atria ?
Papillary muscles
how many leaflets do the semilunar valves have ?
3 leaflets
what are the aortic sinuses ?
The left and right aortic sinuses mark the origin of the left and right coronary arteries. As blood recoils during ventricular diastole, it fills the aortic sinuses and enters the coronary arteries to supply the myocardium.
Which valve of the heart only contains two leaflets or cusps?
Mitral [biscuspid]
where do the right and left coronary arteries originate ?
aortic sinuses
cardiac venous drainge is into the posterior located coronary sinus. Where dose the coronary sinus drian into ?
Right atrium
what is the largest tributary to the coronary sinus ?
Great cardiac vein
what artery supplies the left atrium ?
Left circumflex
what arteries supply the left ventricle ?
Left anterior descending
left circumeflex
left marginal
what aretery supplies the SA and AV node
Right coronary artery
what nerve innervated the pericardium ?
phrenic nerve [C3-C5]
how many pulmonary veins are there ?
4
describe the attachment of the ribs
Ribs 1-7 attach independently to the sternum.
Ribs 8 – 10 attach to the costal cartilages superior to them.
Ribs 11 and 12 do not have an anterior attachment and end in the abdominal musculature. Because of this, they are sometimes called ‘floating ribs’.
describe a flail segment
If two or more fractures occur in two or more adjacent ribs,
