Thorax

Question 1

The superior and inferior mediastinum are separated by an imaginary line at what level ?

Answer 1

T4

Question 2

What structure are located in the anterior mediastinum ?

Answer 2

Thymus and Phrenic nerve

Question 3

what major structures are located in the middle mediastinum ?

Answer 3

Heart
Tracheal bifurcation [T4]
arch of aorta
pulmonary trunk
SCV

Question 4

what structures are located in the posterior mediastinum ?

Answer 4

Vagus nerve
oesophagus descending aorta

Question 5

At what level does the trachea bifurcate ?

Answer 5

T4/5

Question 6

What structure is most anterior at the level of the hilum ?

Answer 6

phrenic nerve

Question 7

List the structure in the lung hilum [lung root]

Answer 7

The root of the lung is formed by:

a principal bronchus on one side
the eparterial and hyparterial bronchus on the other side
one pulmonary artery
two pulmonary veins
the bronchial arteries (one on one side and two on the other)
the bronchial veins
the pulmonary plexuses of nerves
lymphatic vessels
bronchial lymph nodes
areolar tissue

Question 8

How many pulmonary arteries and veins are located in the lung hilum ?

Answer 8

1 artery, 2 veins

Question 9

Elevated calcium in the presence of lung cancer is characteristic of what condition ?

Answer 9

SCC of the lung secreting PTHrP

Question 10

what produces heart sounds ?

Answer 10

closure of valves

Question 11

what muscles contract to prevent prolapse of the heart valves into the atria ?

Answer 11

Papillary muscles

Question 12

how many leaflets do the semilunar valves have ?

Answer 12

3 leaflets

Question 13

what are the aortic sinuses ?

Answer 13

The left and right aortic sinuses mark the origin of the left and right coronary arteries. As blood recoils during ventricular diastole, it fills the aortic sinuses and enters the coronary arteries to supply the myocardium.

Question 14

Which valve of the heart only contains two leaflets or cusps?

Answer 14

Mitral [biscuspid]

Question 15

where do the right and left coronary arteries originate ?

Answer 15

aortic sinuses

Question 16

cardiac venous drainge is into the posterior located coronary sinus. Where dose the coronary sinus drian into ?

Answer 16

Right atrium

Question 17

what is the largest tributary to the coronary sinus ?

Answer 17

Great cardiac vein

Question 18

what artery supplies the left atrium ?

Answer 18

Left circumflex

Question 19

what arteries supply the left ventricle ?

Answer 19

Left anterior descending
left circumeflex
left marginal

Question 20

what aretery supplies the SA and AV node

Answer 20

Right coronary artery

Question 21

what nerve innervated the pericardium ?

Answer 21

phrenic nerve [C3-C5]

Question 22

how many pulmonary veins are there ?

Answer 22

4

Question 23

describe the attachment of the ribs

Answer 23

Ribs 1-7 attach independently to the sternum.

Ribs 8 – 10 attach to the costal cartilages superior to them.

Ribs 11 and 12 do not have an anterior attachment and end in the abdominal musculature. Because of this, they are sometimes called ‘floating ribs’.

Question 24

describe a flail segment

Answer 24

If two or more fractures occur in two or more adjacent ribs,

Question 25

what is the posterior border of the anterior mediastinum ?

Answer 25

Pericardium

Question 26

what vascular structures are found in the middle mediastinum ?

Answer 26

Ascending aorta
SVC
Pulmonary trunk

Question 27

How many valves are there between the superior vena cava and the right atrium?

Answer 27

0

Question 28

A rise in 2,3-DPG concentration causes a shift to the right of the oxygen dissociation curve i.e oxygen us offloaded to supply tissues.
Under what conditions does 2,3-DPG rise ?

Answer 28

Hypoxia and Haemolysis