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MRCS A > Ortho + Urology > Flashcards

Ortho + Urology Flashcards

1
Q

The genitofermoral nerve originates at what spinal level ?

A

L1/2

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2
Q

Through which foramina does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve exit the abdominal cavity?

A

Deep inguinal ring

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3
Q

How does the genital branch of the genitoinguinal nerve reach the scrotum to innervate the scrotal fascia ?

A

Passes through the deep inguinal ring into the inguinal canal

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4
Q

The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervates what structure ?

A

Scrotum

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5
Q

what is the common cause of hydroceles in kids ?

A

Patent processus vaginalis

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6
Q

How are hydroceles surgically managed in kids ?

A

trans inguinal ligation of PPV.

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7
Q

How are hydroceles surgically managed in adults ?

A

Lords or Jabouley procedure

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8
Q

Most testicular cancers are germ cell tumours. What are the two types ?

A

Seminoma’s and non seminomatous

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9
Q

which type of germ cell testicular cancers have raised AFP ?

A

Non-seminomatous
(AFP elevated in up to 70% of cases)

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10
Q

how are testicular cancers diagnosed ?

A

Ultrasound is first-line
CT scanning of the chest/ abdomen and pelvis is used for staging
Tumour markers (see above) should be measured

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11
Q

what is the spinal level for the sciatic nerve ?

A

L4-S3

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12
Q

What muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  1. Biceps Femoris
  2. Semitenenosus
  3. semimembrenosus
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13
Q

The biceps femoris has two heads (long head and short head) - where do these tendons originate and insert ?

A

Long head originates at the ischial tuberosity

Short head originates at the line aspera of the femur

Both insert into the head of the fibula

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14
Q

what nerve innervates the semimembranosus ?

A

tibia branch of the tibia nerve

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15
Q

what are the deep muscles of the posterior leg ?

A
  1. Tibialis posterior
  2. Flexor hallicus longus
  3. Flexor digitorum longus
  4. Popliteus
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16
Q

what nerve supplies sensation to the anterior scrotum ?

A

ilioinguinal nerve

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17
Q

what nerve supplies sensation to the posterior scrotum ?

A

Pudendal

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18
Q

The plantaris is found in what compartment ?

A

within the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg

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19
Q

what is the treatment for LA toxicity due to prilocaine ?

A

methylene blue

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20
Q

what does the Mirel score measure ?

A

Risk of pathological fracture

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21
Q

Over what Mirel score is prophylactic nail advised

A

9

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22
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the male spongy urethra

A

Deep Inguinal

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23
Q

what muscle forms the medial border of the cubital fossa

A

pronator teres

24
Q

There is only one muscle in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm - What muscle is this ?

A

Flecor digitorum superificialis

25
Q

what muscles pronate the forearm ?

A

Pronator Teres
Pronator quadractus

26
Q

where do the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm originate ?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

27
Q

what nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

Radial nerve

28
Q

what is the main extensor of the fingers ?

A

Extensor digitorum communis

29
Q

what is the function of the lumbricals ?

A

Flex the MCPs and extend the interphalangeal joints

30
Q

what nerve innervate the palmar interossei ?

A

Ulnar nerve

31
Q

how many dorsal interossie muscles are there ?

A

4

32
Q

what is the action of the lumbricals on the IP joints ?

A

Extension

33
Q

What is the gold standard treatment for testicular cancer ?

A

Orchidectomy via an inguinal approach

34
Q

what lymph nodes do testicular cancers metastasise to ?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes

35
Q

which drug is known to cause non infective epidididymo-orchitis ?

A

Amniodarone

36
Q

what is the treatment for hydrocele in kids ?

A

Trans inguinal ligation of PPV

37
Q

what is the anatomical course of the musculocutaneous nerve ?

A

Passes obliquely between the biceps brachii and the brachialis to the lateral side of the arm

38
Q

The pectorals major has two head where it originates from - what are these ?

A
  1. Clavicular head
  2. Sternocostal head
39
Q

what is the innervation for pec major ?

A

medial and lateral pectorial nerves

40
Q

what is the origin and insertion point for pec minor ?

A

Origin - Upper margins of third to fifth ribs and intercostal fascia
Insertion - coracoid process

41
Q

what nerve innervates the pec minor ?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

42
Q

The Nottingham Prognostic Index can be used to give an indication of breast cancer survival. what is the most important factor in predicting prognosis ?

A

Lymph node involvement/nodal status

43
Q

what nerves are commonly damaged during varicose vein surgery ?

A

sural and saphenous nerves

44
Q

what is the Pes anserinus ?

A

a group of three tendons in the knee:
1. Sartorius
2. Semitendinosus
3. Gracillis

45
Q

what structures are found in the adductor canal ?

A

femoral artery, femoral vein (posterior to the artery), nerve to the vastus medialis and the saphenous nerve

46
Q

what are the borders of the adductor canal ?

A

Anteromedial – Sartorius.
Lateral – Vastus medialis.
Posterior – Adductor longus and adductor magnus.

47
Q

The greater sciatic Forman is divided into two parts by what muscle ?

A

Pirifomis

48
Q

Spot diagnosis

Low calcium, low phosphate, raised ALP

A

Osteomalacia/Rickets

49
Q

The plantar aspect of the foot is innervated

A

Tibial nerve [medial and lateral plantar nerves]

50
Q

Fracture of which pole of the scaphoid should always be surgical fixed ?

A

proximal pole of the scaphoid

51
Q

where does the majority of the blood supply to the scaphoid come from and what percentage is this ?

A

dorsal ridge/carpal branch vessels that supply 80%.

52
Q

what muscle does the musculocuteous nerve pierce when it leaves the axilla ?

A

Corochobrachialis

53
Q

what is the motor function of the musculocutanous nerve ?

A

Flexion of the upper arm

54
Q

what is the sensory function of the musculocutaneous nerve

A

Gives rise to the lateral cutaneous nerve that provides sensation to the lateral forearm

55
Q

what is your acronym for the muscles innervated by the radial nerve ?

A

B.E.A.S.T

Brachioradialis
Extensors
Abductor pollicis longus
supinator
triceps

56
Q

what are the layers that you pass through during a lumbar puncture ?

A

skin ➡️ subcutaneous tissue ➡️ supraspinous ligament ➡️ interspinous ligament ➡️ ligamentum flavum ➡️ epidural space ➡️ dura mater ➡️ arachnoid mater ➡️ subarachnoid space (contains CSF)

57
Q

List the parts of the male urethra

A
  1. Prostatic
  2. Membranous
  3. Bulbous
  4. Penile

MRCS A (7 decks)

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