Thorax

Question 1

What are the 4 layers of viscera (outermost to innermost)

Answer 1

1. serosa
2. muscularis
3. mucosa
4. lumen

Question 2

What are the two types of sphincter?

Answer 2

1. anatomical sphincter
2. functional sphincter

Question 3

What is an anatomical sphincter?

Answer 3

localised muscle thickening around wall of tubular viscus

Question 4

What is a functional sphincter?

Answer 4

no localised muscular thickening

Question 5

What are the 2 types of anatomical sphincters?

Answer 5

1. involuntary - smooth muscle, ANS
2. voluntary - skeletal muscle, voluntary control, somatic NS

Question 6

What are the 2 divisions of serous membranes?

Answer 6

1. visceral - receives nerve and blood supply from body wall (somatic)
2. parietal - receives same nerve and blood supply as viscera

pleura in thoracic cavity
peritoneum in abdominal cavity

Question 7

What is the role of mesentery?

Answer 7

movement
pathway for nerves and vessels

Question 8

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 8

closed cavity in abdomen lined by peritoneum

Question 9

What is a potential danger with mesentery?

Answer 9

viscera suspended at the end of mesentery are at danger of torsion/twisting

Question 10

What are 4 examples of paired viscera?

Answer 10

1. ejaculatory ducts
2. vas deferens
3. ureters
4. kidneys

Question 11

What is referred pain and what causes it?

Answer 11

percepted pain in a different area from site of stimulation. it is caused by a common spinal segment being stimulated which supplies both the site of pain and referred pain

Question 12

What are the three turbinates, and what do they open from?

Answer 12

superior concha
middle concha
inferior concha
OPENING FROM THE VESTIBULE

Question 13

What are the three openings of paranasal sinuses?

Answer 13

1. superior meatus
2. middle meatus
3. inferior meatus

Question 14

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses with description of location?

Answer 14

ethmoid (little air gaps)
frontal (behind eyebrows)
sphenoid (behind ethmoid)
maxillary (large sinus behind nose)

Question 15

What makes up the oral cavity?

Answer 15

hard palate - maxilla and palatine bone
soft palate
uvula
tongue
mylohyoid muscle
mandible
lips

Question 16

What are the 4 parts of the tongue?

Answer 16

1. vallate papillae
2. foliate papillae (like foliage on the sides)
3. fungiform papillae (like fungus spots)
4. sulcus terminalis (groove on tongue)

Question 17

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 17

alter position of tongue

Question 18

What do the intrinsic muscles of tongue do?

Answer 18

alter shape of tongue

Question 19

What are the parts of the larynx?

Answer 19

epiglottis
hyoid bone
oesophagus
trachea
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage

Question 20

What movements of the vocal ligaments produce sound?

Answer 20

ADDUCTION for phonation
ADBUCTED for breathing
vibration produces sound

Question 21

What moves vocal ligaments?

Answer 21

intrinsic muscles of larynx

Question 22

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 22

1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx

Question 23

What are the 3 external muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 23

1. superior constrictor muscle
2. middle constrictor muscle
3. inferior constrictor muscle

Question 24

Which ribs are atypical?

Answer 24

1, 2, 10, 11, 12