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ANAT20006 > Skeletal/Articular/Skin > Flashcards

Skeletal/Articular/Skin Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in babies?

A

300

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2
Q

How many bones in adults?

A

206 (bc bones fuse to make larger structures)

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3
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. mineral homeostasis
  5. blood cell production
  6. triglyceride storage
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4
Q

What are the 3 main components of bones?

A
  1. 30% collagen
  2. 15% water
  3. 55% crystallised mineral salts
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5
Q

What are the two types of bones?

A
  1. compact bone (dense, outer shell of bone)
  2. spongy bone/trabecular (lines of compressive and tensile stress)
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6
Q

What are the 4 types of bones, with examples?

A
  1. long bones - femur, humerus
  2. short bones - carpal bones/sesamoid
  3. flat bones - sternum, skull
  4. irregular bones - vertebrae
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7
Q

What are the 5 parts of a long bone (from proximal to distal)?

A
  1. proximal epiphysis
  2. metaphysis
  3. diaphysis
  4. metaphysis
  5. distal epiphysis
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8
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

region between epiphysis and diaphysis. contains epiphyseal growth plate of hyaline cartilage in growing bone - epiphyseal lien in adults

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9
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

thin membrane which lines medullary cavity, internal bone surfaces, trabeuclae, canals of compact bone

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10
Q

What supplies blood to outer bone?

A

periosteal arteries supply periosteum and outer compact bone through small canals

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11
Q

What supplies blood to medullary cavity?

A

nutrient artery enters through nutrient foramen in centre of diaphysis. courses towards epiphyses

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12
Q

What supplies ends of long bones with blood?

A

epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries

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13
Q

What are osteoblasts and what do they do?

A

bone building cells. synthesis and secretion of collagen and initiate calcification

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14
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

break down bone ECM, involved in bone resorption. releases enzymes to digest ECM

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15
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A
  1. intramembranous ossification (FROM mesenchyme)
  2. endochondral ossification (from CARTILAGE FROM mesenchyme)
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16
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. primary OC forms - osteoblasts secrete ECM
  2. calcification
  3. formation of trabeculae (ECM –> trabecular)
  4. development of periosteum
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17
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. development of CARTILAGE model
  2. GROWTH of cartilage model
  3. development of PRIMARY OC
  4. development of medullary cavity
  5. development of SECONDARY OC
  6. formation of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
18
Q

What are the two major events of longitudinal bone growth?

A
  1. interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate
  2. replacement of cartilage on diaphysial side w bone thru endochondral ossification
19
Q

What are 3 factors affecting bone growth and remodelling

A
  1. vitamins and minerals
  2. exercise
  3. hormones
20
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage, with examples?

A
  1. articular (surrounding bony articular surfaces)
  2. elastic (ear)
  3. fibrocartilage (discs, meniscus)
21
Q

What are 3 types of joints?

A
  1. synovial (motile) - joint/articular cavity
  2. fibrous (solid) - united w fibrous tissue
  3. cartilaginous (solid) - hyaline or fibrocartilage
22
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. suture joints (skull)
  2. gomphosis joints (teeth)
  3. sydesmosis joints (prox. radioulnar joint)
23
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. synchondrosis joints - primary cartilaginous/hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
  2. symphysis - secondary cartilaginous/fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis)
24
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

MNEMONIC - Prince Harry Pulled Charles’ Saddle Bag
1. plane joint (intercarpal)
2. hinge joint (elbow)
3. pivot joint (prox. radioulnar joint)
4. condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal)
5. saddle joint (carpometacarpal)
6. ball and socket joint (shoulder)

25
Q

What are the 4 key accessory structures?

A
  1. articular discs and menisci - absorb compression force
  2. labrum - deepens socket
  3. fat pads - space filler, spreads synovial fluid
  4. bursae and tendon sheaths - reduce friction
26
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
27
Q

What are 4 properties of muscular tissue?

A
  1. electrical excitability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticityW
28
Q

What are the 4 types of fascicle patterns?

A
  1. circular
  2. convergent
  3. parallel
  4. pennate
29
Q

What is a circular fascicle?

A

fascicle arranged into concentric rings. surrounds body openings. eg. orbicularis oris

30
Q

What is a convergent fascicle?

A

broad origin, converging to a single tendon of insertion. STRONGEST CONTRACTION eg. pectorals major

31
Q

What is a parallel fascicle?

A

running parallel to the long axis of muscle, greatest shortening of length during contraction eg. sartorius (straplike), biceps brachii (fusiform)

32
Q

What is a pennate fascicle? (3 types)

A

short and attach obliquely
1. unipennate (fascicles insert ONE side of tendon) eg. extensor digitorum longus
2. bipennate (fascicles insert onto tendon from OPPOSITE SIDES) eg. rectus femoris
3. multipennate (fascicles insert onto tendon from MANY DIRECTIONS) eg. deltoid

33
Q

What are ligaments?

A

fibrous connections BONE TO BONE
blend w periosteum of bones at joint
eg. ACL

34
Q

What are tendons?

A

fibrous tissue linking muscle belly to attachment site at bone
eg. Achilles tendon

35
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

broad, flat conn.tiss. linking MUSCLE BELLY to site of attachment
spread over greater area
eg. plantar aponeurosis

36
Q

What is raphe?

A

line of fibrous tissue between muscle joining muscle
eg. scrotal raphe

37
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contractions?

A
  1. isometric (plank) - TENSION NO MOVEMENT
  2. concentric (raising barbell) - SHORTENING
  3. eccentric (lowering barbell) - LENGTHENING
38
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

main muscle responsible for producing movement
eg. biceps brachii prime mover of elbow flexion

39
Q

What is a synergist?

A

compliments action of prime mover
eg. brachialis synergist of biceps in elbow flexion

40
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

opposes action of another muscle eg. triceps brachii opposes biceps during elbow flexion

41
Q

What is a fixator?

A

steadies proximal parts of limb during movement in distal parts
eg. rotator cuff muscles during elbow flexion

ANAT20006 (7 decks)

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