Skeletal/Articular/Skin Flashcards
How many bones in babies?
300
How many bones in adults?
206 (bc bones fuse to make larger structures)
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral homeostasis
- blood cell production
- triglyceride storage
What are the 3 main components of bones?
- 30% collagen
- 15% water
- 55% crystallised mineral salts
What are the two types of bones?
- compact bone (dense, outer shell of bone)
- spongy bone/trabecular (lines of compressive and tensile stress)
What are the 4 types of bones, with examples?
- long bones - femur, humerus
- short bones - carpal bones/sesamoid
- flat bones - sternum, skull
- irregular bones - vertebrae
What are the 5 parts of a long bone (from proximal to distal)?
- proximal epiphysis
- metaphysis
- diaphysis
- metaphysis
- distal epiphysis
What is the metaphysis?
region between epiphysis and diaphysis. contains epiphyseal growth plate of hyaline cartilage in growing bone - epiphyseal lien in adults
what is the endosteum?
thin membrane which lines medullary cavity, internal bone surfaces, trabeuclae, canals of compact bone
What supplies blood to outer bone?
periosteal arteries supply periosteum and outer compact bone through small canals
What supplies blood to medullary cavity?
nutrient artery enters through nutrient foramen in centre of diaphysis. courses towards epiphyses
What supplies ends of long bones with blood?
epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries
What are osteoblasts and what do they do?
bone building cells. synthesis and secretion of collagen and initiate calcification
What are osteoclasts?
break down bone ECM, involved in bone resorption. releases enzymes to digest ECM
What are the two types of ossification?
- intramembranous ossification (FROM mesenchyme)
- endochondral ossification (from CARTILAGE FROM mesenchyme)
What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?
- primary OC forms - osteoblasts secrete ECM
- calcification
- formation of trabeculae (ECM –> trabecular)
- development of periosteum
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
- development of CARTILAGE model
- GROWTH of cartilage model
- development of PRIMARY OC
- development of medullary cavity
- development of SECONDARY OC
- formation of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
What are the two major events of longitudinal bone growth?
- interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate
- replacement of cartilage on diaphysial side w bone thru endochondral ossification
What are 3 factors affecting bone growth and remodelling
- vitamins and minerals
- exercise
- hormones
What are the 3 types of cartilage, with examples?
- articular (surrounding bony articular surfaces)
- elastic (ear)
- fibrocartilage (discs, meniscus)
What are 3 types of joints?
- synovial (motile) - joint/articular cavity
- fibrous (solid) - united w fibrous tissue
- cartilaginous (solid) - hyaline or fibrocartilage
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
- suture joints (skull)
- gomphosis joints (teeth)
- sydesmosis joints (prox. radioulnar joint)
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
- synchondrosis joints - primary cartilaginous/hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
- symphysis - secondary cartilaginous/fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis)
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
MNEMONIC - Prince Harry Pulled Charles’ Saddle Bag
1. plane joint (intercarpal)
2. hinge joint (elbow)
3. pivot joint (prox. radioulnar joint)
4. condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal)
5. saddle joint (carpometacarpal)
6. ball and socket joint (shoulder)
