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1 MBChB Anatomy > Thorax 1 (Respiratory System) - part 1 > Flashcards

Thorax 1 (Respiratory System) - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the thoracic wall enclose?

A

Left and right pleural cavities (containing the lungs)

Mediastinum

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2
Q

What is the function of the thoracic wall?

A

Protect the contents inside the pleural and percardial cavities

Permits movement associated with respiration

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3
Q

What is the thoracic wall composed of laterally?

A

Ribs 1-12

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4
Q

What is the thoracic wall composed of anteriorly?

A

Sternum

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5
Q

What is the thoracic wall composed of posteriorly?

A

Vertebrae 1-12

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6
Q

What bones articulate with the manybrium at its superolateral angle?

A

First ribs

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7
Q

What is the name given to the joint between the superolateral angle of the manubrium and the first ribs?

A

Sternocostal joint

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8
Q

What is the name given to the notch formed by the superior border of the manubrium?

A

Jugular notch

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9
Q

At what vertebrae level is the xiphoid process (xiphisternum) located?

A

T10

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10
Q

At what vertebrae level is the sternomanubrial joint located?

A

T4

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11
Q

What component part of the sternum do the facets for the 2nd costal cartilage articulate?

A

Manubrium sterno joint

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12
Q

What is A?

A

Jugular notch

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13
Q

What is B?

A

Clavicular notch

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14
Q

What is C?

A

Manubrium

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15
Q

What is D?

A

Sternal angle

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16
Q

What is E?

A

Body

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17
Q

What is F?

A

Xiphoid process

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18
Q

What ribs are known as typical ribs?

A

Ribs 3-9

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19
Q

What are ribs 3-9 known as?

A

Typical ribs

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20
Q

Where does the head of the typical rib articulate?

A

T2 and

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21
Q

Where does the tubercle of a rib articulate?

A

Transerve process of vertebrae

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22
Q

What structures lie in the costal grove of a rib?

A

Intervostal vein, artery and nerve

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23
Q

What ribs are the true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7

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24
Q

What ribs are false ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10

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25
Q

What ribs are floating ribs?

A

11-12

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26
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ones which attatch directly to the sternum

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27
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Connect to the costal cartilage of the rib above

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28
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

Connect only to the vertebrae

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29
Q

What is A?

A

Head

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30
Q

What is B?

A

Neck

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31
Q

What is C?

A

Tubercle

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32
Q

What is D?

A

Angle

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33
Q

What is E?

A

Costal grove

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34
Q

Why is the first rib an ‘atypical’ rib?

A

It is short and wide and flat, only articulating with a single vertebrae (T1)

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35
Q

What vertebrae does rib 1 articulate?

A

T1

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36
Q

Which of the subclavien artery and subclavien vein lies anterior and posterior to the scalene tubercle?

A

Anterior - subclavien vein

Posterior - subclavien artery

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37
Q

What supplies the chief blood supply to the upper limbs?

A

Subclavien artery and vein

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38
Q

Where does the subclavien artery and vein pass relative to the first rib?

A

Pass from the neck to the axialla, sandwiched between the clavicle and the first rib

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39
Q

What is A?

A

Subclavian artery grove

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40
Q

What is B?

A

Scalene tubercle

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41
Q

What is C?

A

Subclavian vein grove

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42
Q

What shape is the body of a thoracic vertebra?

A

Heart

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43
Q

Compared to a cervical and lumbar vertebrae, is the size of thoracic larger, smaller or intermediate?

A

Intermediate

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44
Q

What structures pass through the vertebral foramen of a vertebrae?

A

Spinal cord

Meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia)

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45
Q

What structures pass through the intervertebral foramen of a vertebrae?

A

Spinal nerve

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46
Q

What part of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebrae?

A

Tubercle

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47
Q

How would you describe the spinous process of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Long

Slender

Sloped downwards

Non bifid

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48
Q

What does bifid mean?

A

Splits into 2

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49
Q

What two parts of the vertebrae form the neral (vertebral) arch, ie, parts that enclose the spinal cord?

A

Lamina and the body

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50
Q

What vertebrae numbers does a typical rib articular?

A

Vertebrral body of the same number and one immediately above

ie, rib 4 articulates to vertebrae T3 and T4

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51
Q

What is the thorax bounded by:

Anteriorly

Posteriorly

Superiorly

Inferiorly

Laterally

A

Anteriorly - sternum and costal cartilages

Posteriorly - vertebrae 1 to 12

Superiorly - thoracic inlet

Inferiorly - diaphragm

Laterally - ribs 1 to 12

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52
Q

What bones form the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?

A

Lateral - first rib

Anterior - manubrium

Posteriorly - vertebrae

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53
Q

What bones/costal cartilages form the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?

A

Anterior - costal cartilages 7 to 12 and xiphisternal joint

Posterior - vertebrae 12

Lateraly - ribs 11 and 12

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54
Q

Which ribs/costal cartilages form the costal margin (subcostal angle)?

A

Costal cartilage of ribs 7 to 10

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55
Q

What costal cartilages are directly attached to the sternum?

A

From ribs 1 to 7

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56
Q

What costal cartilages indirectly attach to the sternum through attachment to preceding costal cartilages?

A

8-10

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57
Q

What muscle is primarily used for breathing in a new born?

A

Diaphragm

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58
Q

What do the intercostal spaces contain?

A

3 layers of intercostal muscle

An intercostal nerve

A posterior and anterior intercostal artery and vein

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59
Q

How is the number of intercostal space given?

A

From the rib superior to it

(intercostal space 4 is below rib 4)

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60
Q

What muscle is found superficial in the intercostal space?

A

External intercostal

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61
Q

What is the direction of the external intercostal muscle?

A

Antero-medial

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62
Q

What muscle lies intermediate in the intercostal space?

A

Internal intercostal

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63
Q

What is the direction of the internal intercostal muscle?

A

Posteo-lateral

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64
Q

What muscle lies deep in the intercostal space?

A

Innermost intercostal muscle

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65
Q

What is A?

A

External intercostal muscle

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66
Q

What is B?

A

Internal intercostal muscle

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67
Q

What is C?

A

Innermost intercostal muscle

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68
Q

What is D?

A

Costal groove

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69
Q

What is E?

A

Intercostal vein

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70
Q

What is F?

A

Intercostal artery

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71
Q

What is G?

A

Intercostal vein

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72
Q

Between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located?

A

Internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle

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73
Q

What superior to inferior, what structures comprise the neurovascular bundle?

A

Intercostal vein

Intercostal artery

Intercostal nerve

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74
Q

In what area of the rib is the neurovascular bundle located?

A

Costal grove

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75
Q

How do the external and internal intercostal muscles not occupy the entire length of the intercostal space?

A

They become aponeurotic at one end, called the intercostal membrane

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76
Q

How much of the intercostal space does the innermost intercostal muscles fill?

A

Half, the other half is completed anteriorly by the transversus thoracis muscles and posteriorly by the subcostalis muscles

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77
Q

If the innermost intercostal muscles only fill the central half of the intercostal space, what is the rest filled by?

A

Anteriorly by transversus thoracis muscles

Posteriorly by subcostalis muscles

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78
Q

What is A?

A

Body of thoracic vertebrae

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79
Q

What is B?

A

Intervertebral disk

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80
Q

What is C?

A

Internal intercostal membrane

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81
Q

What is D?

A

Rib

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82
Q

What is E?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

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83
Q

What is F?

A

External intercostal muscles

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84
Q

What is G?

A

Costal cartilage

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85
Q

What is H?

A

External intercostal membrane

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86
Q

What is I?

A

External intercostal muscle

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87
Q

What is A?

A

Transverse thoracis

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88
Q

What is B?

A

Subcostalis muscle

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89
Q

What is the purpose of the intercostal muscles?

A

Contribute to respiratory movements of the chest wall

Prevent the lungs and pleura from balooning out between the ribs during movements

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90
Q

What does each structure forming the neurovascular bundle give of above each rib?

A

Small collateral branch

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91
Q

What is A?

A

External intercostal muscle

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92
Q

What is B?

A

Internal intercostal muscle

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93
Q

What is C?

A

Collateral branch of neurovascular bundle

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94
Q

What is D?

A

Intercostal vein

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95
Q

What is E?

A

Intercostal artery

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96
Q

What is F?

A

Intercostal nerve

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97
Q

What is F?

A

Innermost intercostal muscle

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98
Q

What is the normal location of a chest drain?

A

5th intercostal space in the mid-axillary line

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99
Q

Where in the intercostal space should a chest drain needle be inserted?

A

Above the rib to avoid damaging the neurovascular structures

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100
Q

What are the tissues of the chest wall that a chest drain needle will need to pass from superficial to deep?

A

Skin

Superficial fascia

Deep fascia

External intercostal muscle

Internal intercostal muscle

Innermost intercostal muscle

Parietal pleura of the lung

Pleural cavity

(after this is visceral pleura then the lung which the needle should not reach)

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101
Q

What do extrapulmonary tubes refer to?

A

Outside of the lung, such as trachea and bronchi

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102
Q

What is the structure from the lumen to the outside of extrapulmonary tubes?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Cartilage

Adventitia

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103
Q

What is the mucosa of extrapulmonary tubes composed of?

A

2 layers:

epithelium

lamina propria (thin loose connective tissue layer)

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104
Q

What kind of tissue is the lamina propria?

A

Thin loose connective tissue layer

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105
Q

The picture is of the extrapulmonary tube, what is A?

A

Mucosa

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106
Q

The picture is of the extrapulmonary tube, what is B?

A

Submucosa

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107
Q

What is C?

A

Cartilaginous layer

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108
Q

What is D?

A

Adventitia

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109
Q

What kind of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract?

A

Hyaline

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110
Q

What connective tissue fibre predominates in the respiratory tract?

A

Elastin

111
Q

What are the 3 kinds of connective tissue fibre?

A

Collagen

Elastin

Reticulin

112
Q

What are the 3 kinds of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

Fibro

Elastic

113
Q

What type of muscle fibres is found in the respiratory tract?

A

Smooth

114
Q

What is A?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

115
Q

What is B?

A

Goblet cell

116
Q

What is C?

A

Basal cells

117
Q

What is D?

A

Mucous gland

118
Q

What is E?

A

Lamina propria

119
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in the respiratory epithelium layer?

A

Basal and goblet cells

120
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

121
Q

What are the small, hair like structures projecting from the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract into the lumen?

A

Cilia

122
Q

What substances are secreted from the glands in the submucosa?

A

Mucous and water

123
Q

What is A?

A

Folded mucosa

124
Q

What is B?

A

Thyroid gland

125
Q

What is C?

A

Posterior cartilage

126
Q

What is D?

A

Trachealis muscle

127
Q

What is E?

A

Mucosa

128
Q

What is F?

A

Submucosa

129
Q

What is G?

A

C-shaped ring of cartilage

130
Q

What is A?

A

Respiratory epithelium

131
Q

What is B?

A

Lamina propria

132
Q

What is C?

A

Mucosa

133
Q

What is D?

A

Submucosa

134
Q

What is E?

A

Tracheal cartilage

135
Q

What structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea?

A

Oesophagus

136
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle that is in the posterior wall of the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

137
Q

What is the function of the posterior strip of smooth muscle found in the tracheal wall?

A

Allows oesophagus to expand

Coughing

138
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea wall?

A

Hyaline

139
Q

In which tissue layer of the tracheal wall are the secreting glands located?

A

Submucosa

140
Q

What are the type of glands found in the submucosa of the tracheal wall?

A

Seromucous glands

141
Q

What do the seromucous glands of the tracheal wall secrete?

A

Mucous and water

142
Q

What is A?

A

Hyaline cartilage

143
Q

What is B?

A

Trachealis muscle

144
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nasal cavity

Pharnx

Larynx

145
Q

Where is the upper respiratory tract located?

A

In the head and neck

146
Q

What is the larynx composed of?

A

Set of carilages, membranes and ligaments

147
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

Produces sound from expired air

Protect the inlet to the respiratory system

148
Q

What is found superiorly and inferiorly to the larynx?

A

Superior - hyoid bone (attached to)

Inferior - trachea (continuous from C6)

149
Q

What nerves supply the larynx?

A

Branches of the vasgus nerve for both motor and sensory innervation

150
Q

What is the pharynx otherwise known as?

A

Throat

151
Q

What is A?

A

Nasal cavity

152
Q

What is B?

A

Pharynx

153
Q

What is C?

A

Larynx

154
Q

What is D?

A

Trachea

155
Q

What is E?

A

Primary bronchi

156
Q

What is F?

A

Lungs

157
Q

What is A?

A

Hyoid bone

158
Q

What is B?

A

Thyroid cartilage

159
Q

What is C?

A

Cricoid cartilage

160
Q

What is D?

A

Tracheal cartilages

161
Q

What is E?

A

Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

162
Q

What is F?

A

Epiglottis

163
Q

What is A?

A

Aperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and associated artery

164
Q

What is B?

A

Thyrohyloid membrane

165
Q

What is C?

A

Corniculate cartilage

166
Q

What is D?

A

Arytenoid cartilage

167
Q

What is E?

A

Cricoid cartilage

168
Q

What is F?

A

Trachea

169
Q

What is G?

A

Thyroid cartilage

170
Q

What is H?

A

Hyoid bone

171
Q

What is I?

A

Epiglottis

172
Q

What cartilage forms the layngeal prominence?

A

Thyroid cartilage

173
Q

What is the laryngeal prominance otherwise known as?

A

Adam’s apple

174
Q

What structure prevents solids and liquids from entering the laryngeal inlet?

A

Epiglottis

175
Q

What cartilages are attached to the vocal cords?

A

Arytenoid

176
Q

What kinds of cartilage is all of the cartilage of the larynx?

A

Hyaline, except the epiglottish which is elastic

177
Q

What kind of cartilage is the epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage

178
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea

Primary bronchi and their branches

Lungs

Pleurae

179
Q

Where is the lower respiratory tract located?

A

Almost entirely in the thorax

180
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract recieve its nerve innervation by?

A

Sympathetic fibres originating in the upper thoracic spinal level via pulmonary plexuses located at the termination of the main bronchi

Parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerve

both of the above are motor, sensory reach the spinal cord via both of which

181
Q

How does the lower respiratory tract recieve its arterial supply?

A

Via the bronchial arteries arising from the thoracic aorta and intercostal arteries

182
Q

What veins supply the lower respiratory tract?

A

Bronchial veins drain to the azygos veinous system

183
Q

Where does the venous supply from the lower respiratory tract drain to?

A

Azygos venous system

184
Q

What vertebrae levels does the trachea being and end?

A

Begins at C6 (inferior to the cricoid cartilage)

Ends at T4

185
Q

What happens to the trachea at T4?

A

Bifurcates into the left and right main bronchi

186
Q

What vertebrae level does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right main bronchi?

A

T4

187
Q

How many hyaline cartilage rings are in the trachea?

A

16-20

188
Q

What is the muscle called that completes the tracheal rings of cartilage?

A

Trachealis

189
Q

What is the final keel-shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea called?

A

Carina

190
Q

What is the tubular organ lying immediately posterior to the trachea?

A

Oesophagus

191
Q

Where does the oesophagus lie relative to the trachea?

A

Posterior

192
Q

What are the arteries called lying immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck?

A

Common carotid arteries

193
Q

Where do the common carotid arteries in the neck lie relative to the trachea?

A

Lateral

194
Q

What is the nerve called lying immediately lateral to the trachea at both sides?

A

Vagus

195
Q

Where does the vagus nerve lie relative to the trachea?

A

Lateral at both sides

196
Q

What are the groves called that lie between the trachea and oesophagus on both sides?

A

Trachea-oesophageal grooves

197
Q

What is A?

A

Primary bronchi

198
Q

What is B?

A

Carina

199
Q

What is C?

A

Primary bronchi

200
Q

What is A?

A

Right upper bronchus

201
Q

What is B?

A

Right primary bronchus

202
Q

What is C?

A

Trachea

203
Q

What is D?

A

Left primary bronchus

204
Q

What is E?

A

Left pulmonary artery

205
Q

What is F?

A

Pulmonary trunk

206
Q

What is G?

A

Right pulmonary artery

207
Q

At what vertebral level does the trachea divide into the two main bronchi?

A

T4

208
Q

Which of the two main bronchi is shorter, wider and more vertical?

A

Right

209
Q

In which bronchi are accidentally aspirated objects more likely to pass?

A

Right due to being shorter and wider

210
Q

What two main arteries arch above the left bronchus?

A

Aorta and pulmonary artery

211
Q

Above which bronchus does the aorta and pulmonary artery arch above?

A

Left primary bronchus

212
Q

What is the main difference between the branches of the left and right bronchus?

A

Left main bronchus enters the lung before giving off branches

Right main bronchus gives off a superior branch just before entering the lung

213
Q

Once the right bronchus splits just before entering the lung, what is the superior and inferior component called?

A

Superior - superior lobar bronchus

Inferior - hyparterial bronchus

214
Q

What increases in bronchi the further they branch?

A

Smooth muscle and elastin content

215
Q

What decreases in bronchi as they branch?

A

Cartilage

216
Q

Where does lymph draining from the trachea, bronchi and lungs go to?

A

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

217
Q

Where are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes relative to the bronchi?

A

Lie alongside as well as in the cleft between the two main bronchi

218
Q

Other tahn the tracheobronchial lymph nodes, what other lymph nodes do the lungs drain to?

A

Bronchomediastinal lymph nodes

219
Q

Where are the bronchomediastinal lymph nodes found?

A

Hilum of the lungs

220
Q

What is A?

A

Apex

221
Q
A
222
Q

What is B?

A

Anterior border of right lung

223
Q

What is C?

A

Cardiac notch

224
Q

What is D?

A

Lingula

225
Q

What is E?

A

Mediastinal surface

226
Q

What is F?

A

Base

227
Q

What is G?

A

Inferior border of right lung

228
Q

What is H?

A

Costal surface

229
Q

What does the left lung posses that the right lung does not?

A

Cardiac impression

Aortic impression

Cardiac notch

Lingula

230
Q

What does the right lung possess that the left lung does not?

A

Middle lobe

Transverse fissure

Superior lobar bronchus

231
Q

On which lung surface is the hilum found?

A

Medial

232
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

Gap that root goes into

233
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

Vessels that through the hilum into the lungs

234
Q

What are the 4 structures that constitutes the root of the lung?

A

Pulmonary artery

Superior pulmonary vein

Inferior pulmonary vein

Primary bronchi

235
Q

What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

A

Suprapleural membrane

236
Q

What is a fascia?

A

Band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen

237
Q

Do the lungs extend above the first rib?

A

Yes, they do so unprotected

238
Q

Why is it clinically important that the lungs extend above the first rib?

A

They are unprotected

239
Q

Which lung is shorter and more broader?

A

Right lung due to needing to make space for the liver

240
Q

Why is the right lung shorter and more broader than the left?

A

It needs to make room for the liver

241
Q

What features of an isolated lung should you use to ‘side’ them?

A

Apex/base

Orientation

Lobes

242
Q

Explain the entire process of the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?

A

1) Lungs and visceral pleura drain into bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
2) Lymphatics pass to tracheobronchial nodes
3) Drain into the thoraic duct (left) and right lymphatic duct (right)

243
Q

What is the advantage of lungs having bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Each lung segment has its own blood and air supply which allows a surgeon to remove that particular segment without adversely affecting any neighbouring segments

244
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segements does each lung have?

A

Right - 10

Left - 8 or 9

245
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment of a lung?

A

Segment of lung supplied by a tertiary (segmental) bronchus and an accompanying branch of the pulmonary artery and bronchial artery and vein

246
Q

What are the different bronchopulmonary segments of the lung seperated by?

A

Layers of connective tissue

247
Q

What structures present in the bronchial wall enables its definitive identification as a bronchus?

A

Hyaline cartilage

248
Q

What structures are at the following positions of the hilum:

anterior

posterior

superior

inferior

A

Anterior - superior pulmonary vein

Posterior - bronchus

Superior - pulmonary artery

Inferior - pulmonary vein

249
Q

What is situated above the artery in the hilum of the right lung?

A

Superior lobus bronchus

250
Q

What is situated below the artery in the hilum of the right lung?

A

Hyparterial bronchus

251
Q

What is clustered around the veins at the hilum?

A

Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

252
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Portion of the circulatory system that carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart

253
Q

What are the vessels of the pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins

254
Q

What supplies oxygen to the lung tissue and larger airways?

A

Bronchial circulation

255
Q

What does the bronchial circulation supply blood to?

A

Lung tissue and larger airways

256
Q

What is A?

A

Right pulmonary artery

257
Q

What is B?

A

Right pulmonary veins

258
Q

What is C?

A

Right atrium

259
Q

What is D?

A

Right ventricle

260
Q

What is E?

A

Heart muscle

261
Q

What is F?

A

Left ventricle

262
Q

What is G?

A

Left atrium

263
Q

What is H?

A

Left pulmonary veins

264
Q

What is I?

A

Left pulmonary artery

265
Q

What is A?

A

Right atrium

266
Q

What is B?

A

Pulmonary valve

267
Q

What is C?

A

Tricuspid valve

268
Q

What is D?

A

Right ventricle

269
Q

What is E?

A

Blood flow through heart

270
Q

What is F?

A

Left ventricle

271
Q

What is G?

A

Mitral valve

272
Q

What is H?

A

Aortic valve

273
Q

What is I?

A

Left atirum

1 MBChB Anatomy (15 decks)

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