Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respi > Thoracic wall and diaphragm (anat) > Flashcards

Thoracic wall and diaphragm (anat) Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the STA

A

1st thoracic vertebra

1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages

Superior border of manubrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Components of ITA

A

12th thoracic vertebra

Lower 6 costal cartilages

Xiphisternal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a thoracotomy?

A

Surgical procedure for opening the thoracic wall in order to access the lungs, esophagus and trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the structures that pass through the STA/thoracic inlet?

A

Trachea, esophagus, apex of lungs and it’s pleura

Nerves -> phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal, sympathetic trunks

Blood vessels -> brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, internal thoracic (mammary) arteries, brachiocephalic veins

Lymphatics -> thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the thoracic outlet?

A

Space btw the clavicle and first rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)?

A

Group of disorders that occur when blood vessels/nerves in the space btw the clavicle and first rib (thoracic outlet) are compressed, causing pain in shoulders and neck and numbness in fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the sternum?

A

Flat, long, elongated bone in anterior part of the thoracic skeleton/cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the sternal notch located?

A

In btw the 2 clavicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the 3 parts of the sternum and where they are located?

A

Manubrium
- piece above the sternal angle

Body of sternum
- middle piece below sternal angle

Xiphoid process
- small triangle below the body of the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alternative name for sternal angle

A

Angle of Louis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the angle of Louis located?

A

At the level of the 2nd sternocostal joint -> corresponds to T4/T5 vertebra
- indicates 2nd rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is CPR conducted over?

A

Center of sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the shape of ribs

A

Curved and flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Features of ribs

A

Light weight and highly resistant

Contains hemopoietic tissue -> form blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of ribs and which ribs are which

A

Typical
- 3 to 9

Atypical
- 1 and 2
- 10 to 12
- (first 2 and last 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Components of typical rib

A

Head (2 facets) -> wedged shape
- located posteriorly

Neck -> lateral to the head of the rib
- subsequent portion

Tubercle -> see at jn of neck and shaft

Shaft -> curved portion of rib
- curves at costal angle
- thin and flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the costal/subcostal groove located?

A

On the internal surface of typical rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fn of costal groove

A

Protects the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (neurovascular bundle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the articular facets on the head of the rib

A

Smooth

Correspond w/ transverse process of vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the non-articular surface of rib located?

A

On the tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the non-articular surface of the rib

A

Rough

Attached to ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Characteristic of atypical ribs

A

Dissimilar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the 1st rib

A

Broadest and shortest

Most sharply curved of the 7 true ribs

2 grooves crossing superior surface for subclavian vessels
- separated by scalene tubercle and ridge

Only 1 facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the 2nd rib

A

Thinner, less curved and much longer than the 1st rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the 10th-12th rib

A

Only 1 facet on their heads

11th and 12th ribs are short and have no neck/tubercles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae located?

A

On their bodies -> articulate w/ heads of ribs

Transverse processes -> articulate w/ tubercles of ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae have no costal facets on their transverse porcesses?

A

T11 and 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Diff btw synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous joints

A

Synovial joints allow more movement than cartilaginous joints

Fibrous joints are usually fixed and immovable and have no joint cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are the synovial joints of the thoracic wall?

A

Btw ribs and vertebrae -> costovertebral and costotransverse joints

Btw sternum and clavicles -> sternoclavicular joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Features of external intercostal muscle (EICM)

A

Run downwards and forwards
- drn is like placing hand in pocket

Elevate the ribs due to contraction of muscles

Muscles for inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Features of internal intercostal muscles (IICM)

A

Deep to EICM

Run downwards and backwards -> perpendicular to EICM

Depress the ribs due to contraction of muscle

Muscle for expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves does the thoracic wall have?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the branches of intercostal nerves?

A

Anterior cutaneous
- sensory

Lateral cutaneous
- sensory

Muscular
- motor

Collateral
- motor nerves
- run along upper border of rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which nerve supplies the back muscles (located posteriorly)?

A

Dorsal pri rami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens when spinal nerve leave the intervertebral foramina?

A

Divide into ventral pri rami and dorsal pri rami

35
Q

Is the ventral pri rami an intercostal nerve?

A

Yes
- runs along extent of intercostal space
- anterior rami

36
Q

What is general somatic efferent (GSE)?

A

Nerve -> motor to skeletal
- ventral horns (anterior) contain the cell bodies of motor neurons which innervate skeletal muscle

37
Q

What is general somatic afferent (GSA)?

A

Nerve -> sensory from skin
- dorsal horns contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons where many afferent (sensory) fibres terminate
- convey sensation from skin to dorsal horn

38
Q

Where does the intercostal vessels and nerves run?

A

Obliquely in btw internal and innermost intercostal muscle

39
Q

Each intercostal space contains which intercostal arteries?

A

Posterior intercostal artery (PIA)

Anterior intercostal artery (AIA)

40
Q

Where does AIA arise from?

A

From internal mammary artery (IMA) or its terminal branch (aka: musculophrenic artery)

41
Q

Where does the PIAs of upper 2 spaces arise from?

A

Costocervical trunk -> branch of subclavian artery

42
Q

Where does the PIAs of IC spaces 3-11 arise from?

A

Thoracic aorta

43
Q

Location of subclavian artery

A

Superior to the lungs on both sides

44
Q

What does the subclavian artery bifurcate into?

A

Superior epigastric artery and musculophrenic artery

45
Q

Where is the superior epigastric and musculophrenic artery located?

A

At 6th intercostal space

46
Q

What is the artery and vein that runs along the length of the lungs medially?

A

Internal mammary artery and vein

47
Q

What are the diff intercostal veins?

A

Superior vena cava (SVC)

Azygos vein

Brachiocephalic vein

Anterior intercostal and internal mammary veins

48
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

Internal mammary veins

49
Q

Where does the posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

Azygos venous sys/brachiocephalic veins

50
Q

Where does the azygos vein terminate?

A

SVC

51
Q

Where is the azygos vein located?

A

On the right side of vertebral column (pt’s right)

52
Q

Where is the right and left brachiocephailc vein located?

A

Neck region
- merge to form SVC

53
Q

Where does the midsternal line run along?

A

Intersection of median plane w/ anterior chest wall

54
Q

Where does the midclavicular line run along?

A

Pass through midpoints of clavicle (heart apex beat)

55
Q

Where does the anterior axillary line run along?

A

Runs vertically along anterior axillary fold
- side of body anteriorly

56
Q

Where does the posterior axillary line run along?

A

Runs vertically along posterior axillary fold
- side of body in the middle

57
Q

Where does the midaxillary line run along?

A

Runs from apex of axilla, parallel to anterior axillary fold
- side of body posteriorly

58
Q

What does the breast consist of?

A

Mammary gland tissue, fibrous tissue, ligaments, septa and fat

59
Q

What are the arteries that supply the breast?

A

Internal mammary artery -> perforating branches

Anterior intercostal arteries

Lateral thoracic branch of axillary artery

60
Q

What are the veins that supply the breast?

A

Internal mammary veins

Intercostal veins -> posterior and anterior

Axillary vein -> lateral thoracic tributary

61
Q

What are the lymphatic of the breast?

A

Internal thoracic nodes

Axillary nodes

62
Q

Innervation of the breast

A

2nd to 6th intercostal nerves

63
Q

Innervation of the nipple

A

4th intercostal nerve

64
Q

What are the mammary glands of the breast and where are they located?

A

Modified sweat glands

Subcutaneous tissue anterior to the pectoral muscles and the anterior thoracic wall

65
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Controls the growth of the ducts

66
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Controls the growth of the glandular buds

67
Q

How is the base of the breast attached to the body?

A

Extends vertically from ribs 2 to 6 and transversely from sternum to midaxillary line

68
Q

What does the retromammary space in the breast do?

A

Separates breast from deep fascia -> allows for movement of breast from chest wall

69
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments of Cooper?

A

Fibrocollagenous connective tissue that provides support to the breast

70
Q

Signs and symptoms of breast cancer

A

Breast lump/thickening that feels different from surrounding tissue

Change in size, shape/appearance of breast

Changes in skin over the breast

Newly inverted nipple

Peeling, scaling or crusting of pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple/breast skin

Redness/pitting of skin over breast (like orange skin)

71
Q

What is a mammogram?

A

Radiological examination of breast to screen breast cancer

72
Q

Where do muscular fibers of diaphragm arise from?

A

Xiphoid process, lower ribs and upper lumbar vertebrae

73
Q

Where do muscular fibers converge to?

A

Central tendon

74
Q

Does each dome of the diaphragm have a separate nerve supply?

A

Yes

75
Q

Where does phrenic nerve arise from?

A

Anterior rami of C3-C5 nerve roots

76
Q

What does the phrenic nerve consist of?

A

Motor, sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers

77
Q

What does the phrenic nerve do?

A

Provide complete motor innervation to the diaphragm

Provide sensory innervation to central part of diaphragm

Provide sympathetic innervation to blood vessels

78
Q

What are the structures that pass through the openings in the diaphragm and which level they enter from?

A

Inferior vena cava (IVC) -> T8

Esophagus -> T10

Aorta -> T12

*except for aorta, no. of letters = spinal level it arises from

79
Q

Structures passing through the diaphragm and spinal level it arises from

A

Vagus nerve -> T10

Thoracic duct -> T12

Azygos vein -> T12

80
Q

Movement of thoracic wall during inspiration results in what changes to the diaphragm?

A

Increased vertical and transverse diameter

81
Q

Why does thoracic cage widen during inspiration?

A

Ribs are elevated

82
Q

Why does thoracic cage narrow during expiration?

A

Ribs are depressed

83
Q

What is congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)?

A

Condition resulting from a developmental defect in the diaphragm leading to protrusion of abdominal contents into thoracic cavity

84
Q

Characteristics of babies w/ CDH and why

A

Have small, underdeveloped lungs and low blood O2 as movement of abdominal organs into fetus’ chest crowds its lungs

Respi (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions