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Respi > Embryology (respi) > Flashcards

Embryology (respi) Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of respi development (earliest to latest)

A

Embryonic

Pseudoglandular

Canalicular

Saccular

Alveolar

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2
Q

What is a lung bud/respiratory diverticulum?

A

Outpouching of developing foregut region

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3
Q

What is necessary for functional stability?

A

Separation btw developing foregut and respiratory diverticulum

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4
Q

Main origins for development of respi structures

A

Gut tube

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5
Q

Fn of tracheoesophageal septum?

A

Separates trachea and esophagus

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6
Q

What envelopes tracheoesophageal septum?

A

Mesoderm

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7
Q

What facilitates separation of trachea and esophagus during fetal development?

A

Emergence of tracheoesophageal folds

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8
Q

How is tracheoesophageal septum formed?

A

Fusing of tracheoesophageal folds in midline

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9
Q

What complication arises if separation doesn’t occur completely?

A

Fistula

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10
Q

How is bronchial bud formed?

A

Respiratory diverticulum bifurcates into right and left bud

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11
Q

What does the bronchial bud turn into later on during development?

A

Pri bronchi

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12
Q

When does formation of tertiary bronchi occur?

A

End of embryonic stage

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13
Q

What happens during the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Formation of more intricate structures of the respi sys

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14
Q

What is the canalicular stage?

A

Specialised development of respi component within lung themselves

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15
Q

What happens during canalicular stage?

A

Terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs

Formation of canals and widening of canals

Increased vascularisation and respi bronchioles -> influx of pulmonary capillaries

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16
Q

What is an acinus?

A

Unit consisting of terminal bronchioles, alveolar duct, terminal sac

Immature precursor to the final alveoli

17
Q

Is a foetus able to survive it is born premature during the canalicular stage?

A

Yes, some alveoli capable of supporting gas exchange

18
Q

What happens during the saccular stage?

A

Alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs

19
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 alveolar cells

A

Type 1
- flat and thin
- needed for gas exchange

Type 2
- produce surfactant -> reduce surface tension of fluid in lungs to prevent collapse of alveoli

20
Q

What happens during the alveolar stage?

A

Proliferation and maturation of alveoli

Continuous increase in vascularisation -> increase in pulmonary capillaries surrounding each alveoli

21
Q

Describe blood circulation during fetal life

A

Lungs filled w/ fluid -> alveoli collapsed

Pulmonary vascular resistance high

Heart has shunts to bypass lungs because fetus is receiving oxygenation from placenta

22
Q

How does babies’ circulation change at birth?

A

Baby take breath -> lungs fill w/ air and pulmonary vascular resistance drops
- cardiac shunts close -> blood flows through lungs

23
Q

Components of developing diaphragm

A

Somites (muscles for diaphragm), septum transversum and pleuroperitoneal folds

24
Q

What happens if diaphragm is not fully formed?

A

Abdominal content herniate into thoracic cavity (congenital diaphragmatic hernia)

25
Q

What is a fistula?

A

Abnormal connection btw 2 hollow spaces

26
Q

What is esophageal atresia?

A

Narrowing/closure of adjacent esophagus

27
Q

Manifestations of tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Failure to thrive

Aspiration/lung infection

Polyhydramnios
- fetus can’t swallow amniotic fluid -> excess amniotic fluid in womb

28
Q

Signs that a baby has tracheoesophageal fistula

A

GIT distended w/ air -> air go into esophagus instead of trachea

Feeding tube doesn’t extend to stomach as it’s caught in proximal oesophagus

29
Q

How to treat tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Surgical repair

30
Q

What does newborn respiratory distress syndrome/hyaline membrane disease occur?

A

Occurs due to insufficient surfactant production in immature lung of premature infants

31
Q

Clinical features of newborn respiratory distress syndrome

A

Breathing in rapid and laboured manner

Indrawing of infant’s ribcage -> use of accessory respiratory muscles to generate high intrathoracic pressure to expand poorly compliant lung

Cyanosis -> blue and purple discolouration of skin

32
Q

Features of an X-ray of an infant w/ respiratory distress syndrome

A

Decreased lung vol

Increased patchiness of lung

33
Q

Management of newborn respiratory distress syndrome

A

Surfactant therapy

Antenatal corticosteroids -> accelerate fetal lung development and surfactant production

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

34
Q

What is congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Failure of normal closure of the pleuroperitoneal membrane

35
Q

Clinical features of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Structures displaced to one side

Scaphoid abdomen

Absent breath sounds

36
Q

Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Surgical repair

Respi (16 decks)

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