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Respi > Overview of respi sys anat > Flashcards

Overview of respi sys anat Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general fn of the respi sys?

A

Air conduction and filtration

Gas exchange in alveoli

Olfaction (sense of smell) in nasal cavities

Phonation: pdtion of sound in larynx

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2
Q

Components of conducting portion of respi sys

A

Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

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3
Q

Fn of conducting portion of respi sys

A

Provide air conditioning
- filtering
- warming and moistening air prior to reaching respiratory portion

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4
Q

Components of respiratory portion

A

Part where gas exchange occurs
- respiratory bronchioles. alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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5
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standing straight, upright and facing you

Both feet tgt, toes pointing forwards

Arms fully extended by the side

Palms facing forward thumbs at right angles

Head held erect, eyes looking straight ahead

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6
Q

What does it mean if something is anterior (ventral) relative to a point?

A

Nearer to front

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7
Q

What does it mean if something is posterior (dorsal) relative to a point?

A

Nearer to back

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8
Q

What does it mean if something is medial relative to a point?

A

Nearer to median plane

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9
Q

What does it mean if something is lateral relative to a point?

A

Farther from medial plane

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10
Q

What does it mean if something is proximal relative to a point?

A

Nearer to trunk/point of origin

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11
Q

What does it mean if something is distal relative to a point?

A

Farther from trunk/point of origin

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12
Q

What does it mean if something is superior (cranial) relative to a point?

A

Nearer to head

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13
Q

What does it mean if something is inferior (caudal) relative to a point?

A

Nearer to feet

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14
Q

What does it mean if something is superficial relative to a point?

A

Nearer to surface

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15
Q

What does it mean if something is intermediate relative to a point?

A

Between superficial and deep structure

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16
Q

What does it mean if something is deep relative to a point?

A

Farther from surface

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17
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Vertical plane running from front to back, divides the body/any of its parts into right and left sides

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18
Q

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

A

Vertical plane running from side to side, divides the body/any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions

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19
Q

What is the transverse (axial/transaxial) plane?

A

Horizontal plane, perpendicular to both sagittal and coronal planes and parallel to the ground, divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section

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20
Q

What is cephalic a synonym for?

A

Head

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21
Q

What is cervical a synonym for?

A

Neck

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22
Q

What is cranial a synonym for?

A

Skull

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23
Q

What is nasal a synonym for?

A

Nose

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24
Q

What is pectoral a synonym for?

A

Chest

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25
Q

What is the thorax?

A

Superior part of the trunk btw the neck and abdomen

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26
Q

Components of the thorax

A

Thoracic wall and thoracic cavity

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27
Q

Components of the thoracic wall

A

Skeleton, muscles, superficial fascia and skin

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28
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

Hollow space surrounded by the rib cage and the diaphragm

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29
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

Heart, lungs and major vessels

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30
Q

What is the fn of the thorax?

A

Breathing

Protection of vital organs

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31
Q

Anterior parts of thoracic skeleton

A

Sternum

Coastal cartilages

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32
Q

Lateral parts of thoracic skeleton

A

Ribs
- 12 on each side

Intercostal space

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33
Q

Posterior parts of thoracic skeleton

A

12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervertebral (IV) discs

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34
Q

What does spinous process of vertebrae refer to?

A

Small, wing-like projection of bone that points outward from each vertebra along the spine

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35
Q

What does transverse process of vertebrae refer to?

A

Lateral projections on each side of the vertebrae

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36
Q

Which germ layer is the bones, cartilage, connective tissue of skeleton and muscles derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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37
Q

Features of thoracic apertures

A

Thorax has a narrow opening superiorly (STA -> superior thoracic aperture) and relatively large opening (ITA -> inferior thoracic aperture)
- thorax communicates w/ neck via STA
- ITA closed by diaphragm

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38
Q

What separates the thorax from the abdomen?

A

Diaphragm

39
Q

What are the accessory muscles of respiration?

A

Pectoralis major and minor

Serratus anterior

Subclavius

40
Q

Where are the accessory muscles of respiration located?

A

Superficially on the anterior thoracic wall

41
Q

Does the origin of a muscle (aka proximal attachment) move during contraction?

A

No

42
Q

Does the insertion of a muscle (aka distal attachment) move during contraction?

A

Yes

43
Q

Features of skeletal muscle

A

Widespread in human body

Striated, long cylindrical muscle cells

Multiple flat nuclei beneath sarcolemma

Neuromuscular jn, T-tubule receive, propagate nerve impulses

Actin and myosin myofilaments interact and contract

44
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles located?

A

Anterior thoracic wall

45
Q

Name the layers of intercostal muscle starting w/ the most superficial layer

A

External intercostal muscle -> superficial

Internal intercostal muscle

Innermost intercostal muscle -> deep

46
Q

How many of each intercostal muscles are there?

A

11 pairs of external and internal intercostal muscles respectively

Only 1 innermost intercostal muscle

47
Q

What supplies the intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal vessels

48
Q

What innervated the intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves

49
Q

Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscle closest to the spinal vertebrae

A

Posterior intercostal artery and vein

50
Q

Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscles closest to the sternum

A

Anterior intercostal artery and vein

51
Q

Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscles btw the anterior and posterior vessels

A

Collateral branch of intercostal nerve

52
Q

What is a spinal segment?

A

Part of the spinal cord that is attached to the anterior and posterior rootlets of the spinal nerve/gives rise to rootlets that form 1 pair of spinal nerves

53
Q

How many spinal segments are there? How many of them are thoracic spinal segments?

A

31 pairs, 12 pairs of thoracic

54
Q

What does the breast consist of?

A

Mammary gland tissue, fibrous tissue, ligaments, septa and fat

55
Q

Arteries supplying the breast

A

Internal mammary artery -> perforating branches

Anterior intercostal arteries

Lateral thoracic branch of axillary artery

56
Q

Veins supplying the breast

A

Internal mammary veins

Intercostal veins -> posterior and anterior

Axillary vein -> lateral thoracic tributary

57
Q

Lymphatics of the breast

A

Axillary nodes

Internal thoracic nodes

58
Q

Nerves innervating the breast

A

2nd to 6th intercostal nerves -> anterior and lateral cutaneous branches

59
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Principal muscle of inspiration

60
Q

Portions of the diaphragm

A

Peripheral muscular part

Central aponeurotic part (central tendon)

61
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm

A

Phrenic (ventral ramus of C3-C5 spinal nerves)

62
Q

How does the thoracic wall move during inspiration?

A

Contraction of external intercostal muscles elevate the ribs -> increase transverse (bucket handle movement) and anteroposterior diameter of the thorax (pump handle movement)

63
Q

What is the bucket handle movement?

A

Elevation of the lateral shaft of the rib

64
Q

What is the pump handle movement?

A

Superior and anterior movement of sternum

65
Q

How do the muscles move during expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles depress the rib

Passive recoil of thorax -> main mechanism of expiration

66
Q

What is the main mechanism for expiration?

A

Passive recoil of thorax

67
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

A

Within the thoracic cage

68
Q

3 portions of thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum -> area btw right and left pulmonary cavity

Right and left pulmonary cavities

69
Q

What does the pulmonary cavity contain?

A

Contains the lungs and pleurae (lining membrane)

70
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Heart and root of the great vessels (SVC, ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk)

71
Q

Level of the sternal angle

A

T5

72
Q

Where is the superior mediastinum located?

A

Above the sternal angle

73
Q

Where is the inferior mediastinum located?

A

Below the sternal angle

74
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Thin serous membrane forming a pleural cavity in each lung

75
Q

Which germ layer does the pleura originate from?

A

Mesoderm

76
Q

What lines the pleura?

A

Single layer of mesothelial cells

77
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pleura?

A

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

78
Q

What does the visceral pleura cover?

A

Cover the lung and fissures btw the lobes

79
Q

What does the parietal pleura cover?

A

Lines the pulmonary cavities

80
Q

What is the pleural space/cavity?

A

Space btw the layers of pleura and it contains serous pleural fluid

81
Q

Fn of serous pleural fluid

A

Acts as lubricant during respiratory movement

82
Q

Recesses of the pleura and where they are located

A

Costo-diaphragmtic
- below the tip of the lower lobe

Costo-mediastinal
- lateral to the mediastinum

83
Q

Name of the diff regions of the parietal pleura and where they are located

A

Cervical pleura
- superior to the upper lobe

Costal pleura
- btw cervical and diaphragmatic pleura

Diaphragmatic pleura
- near the diaphragm (line base of lung)

Mediastinal pleura
- near the mediastinum

84
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Vital organs for respiration

85
Q

How many surfaces and borders does the lung have?

A

3 surfaces
- mediastinal surface
- diaphragmatic surface
- costal surface (anterior surface of lung)

3 borders
- anterior border
- posterior border
- inferior border

86
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

Right lung has 3 lobes -> superior, middle, inferior

Left lung has 3 lobes -> superior, inferior

87
Q

What divides the lungs into lobes?

A

Oblique and horizontal fissure

88
Q

Does both lungs have horizontal fissure?

A

No, only right lung has

89
Q

What does the root of the lungs contain?

A

Main bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

90
Q

What supplies the lungs?

A

Bronchial artery -> nutrients

Pulmonary artery -> functional

91
Q

How does the trachea divide?

A

Trachea -> main bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> conducting bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli

92
Q

Where is a foreign body most likely to end up during aspiration?

A

Right lung
- right main bronchus is wider, shorter and run more vertically

93
Q

Which germ layer is the respi epithelium derived from?

A

Endoderm

94
Q

What kind of cells make up the respi epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (w/ cilia)

Respi (16 decks)

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