Overview of respi sys anat Flashcards
What are the general fn of the respi sys?
Air conduction and filtration
Gas exchange in alveoli
Olfaction (sense of smell) in nasal cavities
Phonation: pdtion of sound in larynx
Components of conducting portion of respi sys
Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles
Fn of conducting portion of respi sys
Provide air conditioning
- filtering
- warming and moistening air prior to reaching respiratory portion
Components of respiratory portion
Part where gas exchange occurs
- respiratory bronchioles. alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
What is anatomical position?
Standing straight, upright and facing you
Both feet tgt, toes pointing forwards
Arms fully extended by the side
Palms facing forward thumbs at right angles
Head held erect, eyes looking straight ahead
What does it mean if something is anterior (ventral) relative to a point?
Nearer to front
What does it mean if something is posterior (dorsal) relative to a point?
Nearer to back
What does it mean if something is medial relative to a point?
Nearer to median plane
What does it mean if something is lateral relative to a point?
Farther from medial plane
What does it mean if something is proximal relative to a point?
Nearer to trunk/point of origin
What does it mean if something is distal relative to a point?
Farther from trunk/point of origin
What does it mean if something is superior (cranial) relative to a point?
Nearer to head
What does it mean if something is inferior (caudal) relative to a point?
Nearer to feet
What does it mean if something is superficial relative to a point?
Nearer to surface
What does it mean if something is intermediate relative to a point?
Between superficial and deep structure
What does it mean if something is deep relative to a point?
Farther from surface
What is the sagittal plane?
Vertical plane running from front to back, divides the body/any of its parts into right and left sides
What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
Vertical plane running from side to side, divides the body/any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions
What is the transverse (axial/transaxial) plane?
Horizontal plane, perpendicular to both sagittal and coronal planes and parallel to the ground, divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section
What is cephalic a synonym for?
Head
What is cervical a synonym for?
Neck
What is cranial a synonym for?
Skull
What is nasal a synonym for?
Nose
What is pectoral a synonym for?
Chest
What is the thorax?
Superior part of the trunk btw the neck and abdomen
Components of the thorax
Thoracic wall and thoracic cavity
Components of the thoracic wall
Skeleton, muscles, superficial fascia and skin
What is the thoracic cavity?
Hollow space surrounded by the rib cage and the diaphragm
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
Heart, lungs and major vessels
What is the fn of the thorax?
Breathing
Protection of vital organs
Anterior parts of thoracic skeleton
Sternum
Coastal cartilages
Lateral parts of thoracic skeleton
Ribs
- 12 on each side
Intercostal space
Posterior parts of thoracic skeleton
12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervertebral (IV) discs
What does spinous process of vertebrae refer to?
Small, wing-like projection of bone that points outward from each vertebra along the spine
What does transverse process of vertebrae refer to?
Lateral projections on each side of the vertebrae
Which germ layer is the bones, cartilage, connective tissue of skeleton and muscles derived from?
Mesoderm
Features of thoracic apertures
Thorax has a narrow opening superiorly (STA -> superior thoracic aperture) and relatively large opening (ITA -> inferior thoracic aperture)
- thorax communicates w/ neck via STA
- ITA closed by diaphragm
What separates the thorax from the abdomen?
Diaphragm
What are the accessory muscles of respiration?
Pectoralis major and minor
Serratus anterior
Subclavius
Where are the accessory muscles of respiration located?
Superficially on the anterior thoracic wall
Does the origin of a muscle (aka proximal attachment) move during contraction?
No
Does the insertion of a muscle (aka distal attachment) move during contraction?
Yes
Features of skeletal muscle
Widespread in human body
Striated, long cylindrical muscle cells
Multiple flat nuclei beneath sarcolemma
Neuromuscular jn, T-tubule receive, propagate nerve impulses
Actin and myosin myofilaments interact and contract
Where are the intercostal muscles located?
Anterior thoracic wall
Name the layers of intercostal muscle starting w/ the most superficial layer
External intercostal muscle -> superficial
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle -> deep
How many of each intercostal muscles are there?
11 pairs of external and internal intercostal muscles respectively
Only 1 innermost intercostal muscle
What supplies the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal vessels
What innervated the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal nerves
Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscle closest to the spinal vertebrae
Posterior intercostal artery and vein
Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscles closest to the sternum
Anterior intercostal artery and vein
Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscles btw the anterior and posterior vessels
Collateral branch of intercostal nerve
What is a spinal segment?
Part of the spinal cord that is attached to the anterior and posterior rootlets of the spinal nerve/gives rise to rootlets that form 1 pair of spinal nerves
How many spinal segments are there? How many of them are thoracic spinal segments?
31 pairs, 12 pairs of thoracic
What does the breast consist of?
Mammary gland tissue, fibrous tissue, ligaments, septa and fat
Arteries supplying the breast
Internal mammary artery -> perforating branches
Anterior intercostal arteries
Lateral thoracic branch of axillary artery
Veins supplying the breast
Internal mammary veins
Intercostal veins -> posterior and anterior
Axillary vein -> lateral thoracic tributary
Lymphatics of the breast
Axillary nodes
Internal thoracic nodes
Nerves innervating the breast
2nd to 6th intercostal nerves -> anterior and lateral cutaneous branches
What is the diaphragm?
Principal muscle of inspiration
Portions of the diaphragm
Peripheral muscular part
Central aponeurotic part (central tendon)
Innervation of the diaphragm
Phrenic (ventral ramus of C3-C5 spinal nerves)
How does the thoracic wall move during inspiration?
Contraction of external intercostal muscles elevate the ribs -> increase transverse (bucket handle movement) and anteroposterior diameter of the thorax (pump handle movement)
What is the bucket handle movement?
Elevation of the lateral shaft of the rib
What is the pump handle movement?
Superior and anterior movement of sternum
How do the muscles move during expiration?
Internal intercostal muscles depress the rib
Passive recoil of thorax -> main mechanism of expiration
What is the main mechanism for expiration?
Passive recoil of thorax
Where is the thoracic cavity located?
Within the thoracic cage
3 portions of thoracic cavity
Mediastinum -> area btw right and left pulmonary cavity
Right and left pulmonary cavities
What does the pulmonary cavity contain?
Contains the lungs and pleurae (lining membrane)
What does the mediastinum contain?
Heart and root of the great vessels (SVC, ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk)
Level of the sternal angle
T5
Where is the superior mediastinum located?
Above the sternal angle
Where is the inferior mediastinum located?
Below the sternal angle
What is the pleura?
Thin serous membrane forming a pleural cavity in each lung
Which germ layer does the pleura originate from?
Mesoderm
What lines the pleura?
Single layer of mesothelial cells
What are the 2 layers of the pleura?
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
What does the visceral pleura cover?
Cover the lung and fissures btw the lobes
What does the parietal pleura cover?
Lines the pulmonary cavities
What is the pleural space/cavity?
Space btw the layers of pleura and it contains serous pleural fluid
Fn of serous pleural fluid
Acts as lubricant during respiratory movement
Recesses of the pleura and where they are located
Costo-diaphragmtic
- below the tip of the lower lobe
Costo-mediastinal
- lateral to the mediastinum
Name of the diff regions of the parietal pleura and where they are located
Cervical pleura
- superior to the upper lobe
Costal pleura
- btw cervical and diaphragmatic pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura
- near the diaphragm (line base of lung)
Mediastinal pleura
- near the mediastinum
What are the lungs?
Vital organs for respiration
How many surfaces and borders does the lung have?
3 surfaces
- mediastinal surface
- diaphragmatic surface
- costal surface (anterior surface of lung)
3 borders
- anterior border
- posterior border
- inferior border
How many lobes does each lung have?
Right lung has 3 lobes -> superior, middle, inferior
Left lung has 3 lobes -> superior, inferior
What divides the lungs into lobes?
Oblique and horizontal fissure
Does both lungs have horizontal fissure?
No, only right lung has
What does the root of the lungs contain?
Main bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
What supplies the lungs?
Bronchial artery -> nutrients
Pulmonary artery -> functional
How does the trachea divide?
Trachea -> main bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> conducting bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli
Where is a foreign body most likely to end up during aspiration?
Right lung
- right main bronchus is wider, shorter and run more vertically
Which germ layer is the respi epithelium derived from?
Endoderm
What kind of cells make up the respi epithelium?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (w/ cilia)
