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Respi > Histology (respi) > Flashcards

Histology (respi) Flashcards

1
Q

Factors affecting lung capacity

A

Person’s size

Age

Gender

Respiratory health

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2
Q

Fn of respi epithelium in lungs

A

Provides extensive area for gas exchange

Protects respi surfaces from environmental variations and pathogenic invasion

Involved in phonation

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3
Q

Components of the conducting zone

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, brinchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Composed of 1st-16th division of respi tract

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4
Q

Fn of conducting zone

A

Filter, warm and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs

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5
Q

Where is the respi zone located?

A

Site of O2 and CO2 exchange of blood

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6
Q

Parts responsible for gas exchange

A

Majority is alveoli

Minority is respi bronchioles and alveolar ducts

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7
Q

Which division of the respi tract does the respi zone represent?

A

16th to 23rd

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8
Q

How is inspired air conditioned?

A

Cleansed

Moistened by mucus

Warmed by rich vascular network in mucosa

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9
Q

Components of URT

A

Nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

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10
Q

Components of LRT

A

Trachea

Pri bronchi

Lungs

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11
Q

Type of epithelium lining upper RT

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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12
Q

Main fn of upper RT

A

Conduct air to bottom part of respi tract

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13
Q

Type of epithelium lining lower RT

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

Main fn of lower RT

A

Conduction of air and gas exchange

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15
Q

Where does air enter the nose?

A

Enter via external nostrils

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16
Q

Parts of nasal cavity

A

External vestibule

Internal nasal fossa

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17
Q

What conditions the air in the nasal cavity?

A

Air conditioned in the shelf-like projections

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18
Q

Name for respi epithelium

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Cell types of the respi epithelium and their fn if applicable

A

Ciliated columnar cells -> protect nasal tract

Mucous goblet cells

Brush cells -> for sensation

Basal cells -> stem cells
- repairs protective fn

Small granule cells

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20
Q

Features of basal cells

A

Large nucleus

Few organelles

Scattered microvilli

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21
Q

Which cells are the first to be affected by cigarette smoke?

A

Basal cells

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22
Q

What is lamina propria (LP)?

A

Layer of connective tissue
- contains vessels and mucous glands

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23
Q

What forms the mucosa?

A

Epithelium and LP

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24
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammatory disease of nasal cavities

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25
Q

Histological and pathological changes during rhinitis

A

Goblet cells are hypertrophic and loaded w/ mucus secretion

LP is edematous and infiltrated w/ few inflammatory cells

Narrowing of nasal cavities due to fluid leakage from blood vessels

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26
Q

What does smoking do to the cells?

A

Inhibits ciliary movement

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27
Q

What does coughing do?

A

Removes dust-laden mucus from airways

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28
Q

How does smoking lead to squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Chronic smoking induces the transformation of the respi epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium -> initial step in eventual differentiation into tumor

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29
Q

What does paranasal air sinus add to your voice?

A

Resonance

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30
Q

Which structure is your paranasal sinus adjacent to?

A

Nasal cavity

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31
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal sinus (FS)

Maxillary sinus (MS)

Ethmoidal sinus (ES)

Sphenoidal sinus (SS)

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32
Q

What type of epithelium lines paranasal sinus?

A

Typical respiratory epithelium

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33
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammatory process involving 1/more of the paranasal sinus
- cause swelling -> obstruction of drainage orifices

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34
Q

How would mucus drain into nose against gravity?

A

Cilia push mucus up

35
Q

Where does pharynx extend into?

A

Internal nares and larynx

36
Q

Layers of pharynx (superior to inferior)

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

37
Q

What is the soft palate?

A

Extension of hard palate

38
Q

Location of soft palate

A

Anteriorly (aka near back of throat)

Superior to back of tongue

39
Q

Fn of soft palate

A

Close off such that food doesn’t get into nasopharynx

40
Q

What kind of epithelium lines oral surface?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

What kind of epithelium lines nasal surface?

A

Respiratory epithelium

42
Q

Features of the larynx

A

Connects pharynx to the trachea

Contains 9 cartilages

43
Q

Location of vocal cords

A

Below the epiglottis

44
Q

How many vocal cords are there?

A

2 pairs

45
Q

Upper vs lower pair of vocal cords

A

Upper -> false vocal cords

Lower -> true vocal cords

46
Q

Position of vocal cords during inspiration

A

Opened

47
Q

Position of vocal cords during phonation

A

Closed

48
Q

Type of epithelium lining the larynx

A

Entire lingual and apical larnygeal surface covered w/ stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

Type of epithelium lining base of epiglottis

A

Undergoes transition -> ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

50
Q

Type of epithelium lining false vocal cords

A

Typical respiratory epithelium

51
Q

Type of epithelium lining true vocal cords

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

52
Q

What is the shape of the cartilage in the trachea?

A

Ring-shaped

53
Q

Location of trachea

A

Extends from below the larynx

54
Q

Right vs left main bronchus

A

Right
- wide
- more vertical
- short

Left
- narrow
- longer

55
Q

What is the carina of the trachea?

A

Hook-shaped process projecting backward from the lower margin of the lowest tracheal ring

56
Q

Feature of carina

A

Sensitive area

57
Q

Location of the carina

A

At area where the trachea bifurcate into left and right primary bronchus

58
Q

How do the arteries run in the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Run through the centre of the segment

59
Q

How do the veins and lymphatic run in the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Drain along the edges of the segment

60
Q

Does infection stay restricted within the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Usually yes
- but can spread from one segment to another

61
Q

What connects the 2 ends of the C-shaped cartilage in the trachea?

A

Fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle bundle

62
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium

63
Q

What lines the visceral pleura adherent to the lung?

A

Mesothelium

64
Q

How do the pulmonary lymphatic vessels run?

A

Follow bronchi and pulmonary vessels

65
Q

Where are the pulmonary lymphatic vessels found?

A

In the interlobular septum

66
Q

Where do pulmonary lymphatic vessels drain into?

A

Into the lymph nodes at the hilum of the lung

67
Q

What does the pri bronchi divide into right and left lung?

A

3 bronchi in the right lung

2 in the left lung

68
Q

Is there cartilage in the bronchi?

A

Yes

69
Q

Is there cartilage in alveoli?

A

No

70
Q

What does terminal bronchiole divide into?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

71
Q

What does respiratory bronchiole open into?

A

Alveolar ducts/alveoli

72
Q

Features of bronchiole in lung

A

No cartilage and mucus glands

Presence of smooth muscle

73
Q

What kind of receptors are present in the respiratory tract?

A

Beta-2 adrenergic receptors

74
Q

How does the epithelium transition as you enter the respiratory bronchiole?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium gradually becomes ciliated cuboidal and later to non-ciliated squamous epithelium

75
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 cell

A

Type 1
- flat nucleus

Type 2
- thick nucleus

76
Q

Main cell types in interalveolar septum (5)

A

Capillary endothelial cells

Type 1 epithelial cells

Type 2 epithelial cells

Interstitial cells (fibroblast)

Alveolar macrophage

77
Q

Where does fluid collect in event of pulmonary edema?

A

Mainly in btw alveoli and interstitial space
- if fluid go inside alveoli -> pink frothy sputum

78
Q

Fn of type 2 cell

A

Produce surfactant to prevent collapse of alveolus and inner walls sticking tgt

Replenish type 1 in event of loss

79
Q

Fn of type 1 cell

A

Allow gas exchange btw alveolus and capillaries

80
Q

How does surfactant enable the lung to inflate?

A

Reduce surface tension -> increase pulmonary compliance -> lung inflate much more easily

81
Q

Pulmonary innervation for parasympathetic and what it causes

A

M3 -> bronchoconstriction

82
Q

Pulmonary innervation for sympathetic and what it causes

A

Beta 2 -> bronchodilation

83
Q

Looking at a slide of lung tissue, how to know if the lumen is due to a bronchus or blood vessel?

A

Bronchus -> cartilage present

Blood vessel -> irregular shape

Respi (16 decks)

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