Thoracic Region Flashcards
primary function of facet (zygapophyseal) joints
resist shear forces between vertebrae
Rule of 3’s
T1-T3 same level as TP
T4-T6 1/2 level below TP
T7-T9 1 level below TP
T10-T12 same level as TP
why are spinous process extended inferiorly
help prevent the abdominal viscera of the quadruped from dragging on the ground
body density of thoracic vertebrae
increases superior to inferior to support body weight
sternocostal joints
costochondral and chondrosternal junction
costochondral junction
transition between bone and cartilage / little movement
chondrosternal junction
medial ends of cartilage of the ribs and the costal facets of sternum
nucleus pulposus
shock absorber that transfers load
Annulus fibrosis
collagen rich, resistant to tensile load , has sensory nerve fibers and blood vessels
degenerative disc/ joint disease & its effect on body
DDJD
normal aspect of aging
reduction of appropriate nutrient exchange
Will cause for poor response to loading results and osteophyte formation
Anterior longitudinal ligament
limits spinal extension
Posterior longitudinal ligament
limits spinal flexion
Ligamentum flavum
counterbalance that enables the disc to accept greater compressive forces
Intertransverse Ligament
limits lateral flexion
Interspinous Ligament
limits spinal flexion
Supraspinous Ligament
limits spinal flexion
Thoracic Spine Flexion Arthrokinematics
superior and anterior sliding of inferior facet on superior facet
Thoracic Spinal Extension Arthrokinematics
inferior and posterior sliding of the inferior facet on the superior facet
Thoracic Spinal Lateral Flexion Arthrokinematics
ipsilateral side: inferior slide
contralateral side: superior slide
Thoracic Rotation Arthrokinematics
contralateral slide
Lumbar Rotation Arthrokinematics
ipsilateral side: facet separation
contralateral side: facet approximation
upper thoracic spine movement behavior
function like cervical spine
middle thoracic spine movement behavior
functions independently and has influence on rib cage
lower thoracic spine movement behavior
function like lumbar spine
Intervertebral opening movements
sagittal: flexion
frontal: contralateral lateral flexion
Transverse: dependent on degree of flexion & extension
Intervertebral closing movements
sagittal: extension
frontal: ipsilateral lateral flexion
transverse plane: dependent on flexion and extesnsion
coupled motion in thoracic spine
rotation and lateral flexion are strongly coupled in an ipsilateral direction
Ribs Classification
1-7 - true
8-12 - false
2-10 - typical
1 - a typical
Rib Thoracic Flexion Arthrokinematics
anterior rotation of the rib at costovertebral joint
superior glide at costotransverse joint
Rib Thoracic Extension Arthrokinematics
posterior rotation of the rib at costovertebral
inferior glide at costotransverse
Rib Thoracic side bending Arthrokinematics
approximation of ribs on ipsilateral side
distraction of ribs on contralateral side
Rib Rotation Arthrokinematics
right thoracic rotation results in posterior rotation of the right rib and anterior rotation of the left rib
Erector spinae
U: lateral flexion
B: extension
Transversospinal
B: extension
U: Lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
Serratus anterior
fixed scapula : pulls rib cage posteriorly
pec major
fixed UE: pulls rib cage superior, anterior and lateral
Anterior & middle Scalene
Fixed c/s: elevation of 1st rib
Posterior scalene
Fixed c/s: elevation of 2nd rib
Muscles of ventilation
diaphragm , intercostals, and abdominals
Accessory support to ventilation
pecs , serratus anterior, scalenes, SC, trap, paraspinals
Scoliosis
deformity of vertebral column by abnormal posture
Functional scoliosis
corrected by active shift of posture
Structural scoliosis
fixed by deformity unaffected by shift in posture
Cobb’s Angle
parrallel line from superior endplate of most tilted vertebrae at the top & inferior endplate of the most tiltted vertebrae at the bottom
what Cobb’s angle determines scoliosis
10 degrees
45 needs surgery
inspiration bucket handle
ribs elevate upward & outward to increase volume
more so lower ribs
inspiration pump handle
anterior and superior migration of sternum to assist with increase volume
(more so upper ribs)
Diaphragm
- performs 60-80% of ventilation
- increases volume in all 3 diameters
- separates thoracic cavity from abdominal
Examples of failure of the system (Model of postural support for ventilation)
- intercostal weakness
- abdominal weakness
- pelvic floor dysfunction
