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Biomechanics > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Gait analysis

A

measure temporal spatial, kinematic, kinetic, and EMG data to get complete picture of how an individual walks

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2
Q

disadvantages of gait analysis

A

reliability of some measurements are questionable

dependent on expertise of observer and quality of tool

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3
Q

gait cycle

A

starts when one foot contacts the ground and ends with the next contact of the same foot with the ground

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4
Q

stride

A

synonymous gait cycle

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5
Q

step

A

sequence of events that occurs within successive ground contacts of opposite feet

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6
Q

step length

A

distance from a point of contact with the ground of one foot to the following occurance of the same point with the other foot

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7
Q

step width

A

the horizontal distance between the feet

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8
Q

foot angle

A

angle between the line of progression of the body and the long axis of the foot

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9
Q

cadence

A

the number of steps per minute

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10
Q

stride time

A

the time required for a full gait cycle

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11
Q

velocity

A

measures the time it takes to cover a given distance covered in a given amount of time

-best functional measure of someone’s walking ability

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12
Q

normative value for velocity

A

1.3 to 1.4 m/s or 3 MPH

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13
Q

normative value for cadence

A

110-120 steps/minute

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14
Q

normative value for step length

A

0.7 m or about 28 inches

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15
Q

Stance Phase of Gait Cycle

A

approx 60% of gait cycle

  • when foot hits the ground until it lifts
  • supporting body weight
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16
Q

single leg support of stance phase

A

one leg on ground

-occurs from 10-50% of gait cycle

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17
Q

double leg support of stance phase

A

both legs on ground

-occurs from 0-15% & 50-60% of gait cycle

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18
Q

swing phase

A

approx 40% of gait cycle

  • foot leaves ground until it hits ground again
  • goal: advance foot to go forward
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19
Q

subphases of stance phase

A
  • initial contact
  • loading response
  • mid-stance
  • terminal stance
  • pre-swing
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20
Q

initial contact

A

when foot touches ground

0% of gait cycle

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21
Q

loading response

A

initial contact w/ one foot until the opposite foot leaves the ground
-approx 8% of gait cycle

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22
Q

mid stance

A

begins when swing foot leaves the ground- ends when body weight is directly over stance leg

approx - 10-30% of gait cyccle

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23
Q

terminal stance

A

begins when body weight is directly over the stance leg and ends when swing leg contacts ground

-approx 30-50% of gait cycle
(heel off occurs at 40%)

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24
Q

pre-swing

A

begins when the (previous) swing foot contacts the ground and ends when the (previous) stance foot leaves ground

approx 50-60% of gait cycle
(toe off occurs at 60%)

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25
Q

acceleration phase (swing phase)

A

toe off to mid swing

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26
Q

deceleration phase (swing phase)

A

mid swing to initial contact

27
Q

early swing phase

A

occurs from toe off until swing foot is next to stance foot

approx 60-73% of gait cycle

28
Q

Mid-swing phase

A

occurs from feet adjacent until the tibia of the swing leg is vertical

approx 73-87% of gait cycle

29
Q

Late swing phase

A

occurs from tibia vertical until just before foot hits ground
(87%-100% of gait cycle)

30
Q

Gait

A

forward progression is achieved by successive and alternating steps forward

31
Q

center of mass & gait

A

COM moves in 3 directions during gait

Vertical (view from side)
Medial-Lateral (view from front/back)

32
Q

minimum height of vertical COM movement

A

occurs at the midpoint of both periods of double limb support

5% and 55% of gait cycle

33
Q

maximum height of vertical COM movement

A

occurs at midpoint of both period of single leg stance

30% and 80% of gait cycle

34
Q

medial lateral COM movement

A

shifts back & forth from left & right

-maximum movement occurs at midstance

30% for one leg & 80% for the other leg

35
Q

Kinematic strategies to minimize energy expenditure

A

minimize vertical displacement of COM

minimize medial lateral displacement of COM

36
Q

determinants of gait

A

-reduce significant energy consumption of ambulation

  1. pelvic rotation
  2. pelvic tilt
  3. knee flexion in stance phase
  4. ankle mechanism
  5. foot mechanism
  6. lateral displacement of body
37
Q

pelvic rotation

A

forward rotation of pelvis (8% of swing phase)

  • reduces angle of hip flexion and extension
  • longer step length w/o further lowering of COM
38
Q

pelvic tilt

A

5 degree dip of the swinging side (hip abduction)

  • in standing, this dip is a + Trendelenburg sign
  • reduces height of apex of the curve of COM
39
Q

knee flexion in stance phase

A

approx 20 degree dip

  • shortens the leg in the middle of stance phase
  • reduces the height of the apex of the curve of COM
40
Q

ankle mechanism

A

lengthens the leg at heel contact

  • smoothens the curve of COM
  • reduces the lowering of COM
41
Q

foot mechanism

A

lengthens the leg at toe-off as ankle moves from dorsiflexion to plantar flexion

  • smoothens curve of COM
  • reduces lowering of COM
42
Q

lateral displacement of body

A

the normally narrow width of walking base minimizes the lateral displacement of COM
-reduced muscular energy consumption due to reduced lateral acceleration & deceleration

43
Q

Why is COM important?

A
  • critical for energy expenditure during gait (changes energy back & forth from potential energy to kinetic energy)
  • determines where the ground reaction force is applied to a joint (body needs to control GRF by activating muscles)
44
Q

The trunk in gait

A

important for maintaining balance and minimizing energy expenditure during gait

  • trunk rotation is about 7 degrees
  • restriction of trunk motion may increase energy expenditure by 10%
45
Q

Trunk anterior/posterior position - COM and GRF

A

if someone is leaning forward, the GRF is anterior to the knee

  • may be a compensation for weakness: hang on the posterior capsule for the knee
46
Q

shoulder motion

A

out of phase with the hip

increased arm swing = increased speed

used for maintenance of balance

47
Q

pelvis movement during gait

A

anterior and posterior pelvic tilt/rotation

  • pelvis is considered rigid during gait
  • movement is small (2-4 degrees of motion)
48
Q

pelvis at heel contact

A

pelvis is neutral

-goes into slight posterior tilt/rotation at 10% of gait cycle (double support)

49
Q

pelvis at mid stance

A

moves into anterior tilt/rotation

50
Q

pelvis at toe off

A

moves back into posterior tilt/rotation until toe off

double support

51
Q

pelvis at mid swing

A

back to anterior tilt/rotation at mid swing

helps hip advance

52
Q

Patient w/ hip flexion contractures (effect on pelvis)

A

show an exaggerated anterior pelvic tilt and lordosis during the second half of the stance

53
Q

pelvis motion & velocity

A

increases with velocity

-increase functional step length

54
Q

pelvis in frontal plane

A

look from front or back

  • watch the iliac crest rise/fall
  • pelvic obliquity

-moves about 10 degrees due to adduction/abduction of the hip

55
Q

Pelvis (frontal plane) on stance

A

during weight acceptance onto the stance leg, the pelvis drops on the swing side

pattern repeats itself inverse after the opposite foot strike

56
Q

pelvis : horizontal plane @ initial contact

A

pelvis is rotated four degrees internally

57
Q

pelvis (horizontal plane) during swing

A

pelvis ER
- first returning to neutral position and then continuing to externally rotate an additional 4 degrees

(rotation lengthens the t trailing and advancing limbs)

prevents 0.95 cm of downward displacement of COM

58
Q

The hip in sagittal plane

A

hip is flexed about 30 degrees at initial contact

but as the body moves over foot, it extends

59
Q

when does maximum hip extension occur

A

right before toe-off (10 degrees)

60
Q

When does hip flexion start? & when is maximum hip flexion?

(sagittal plane)

A

right before pre-swing

max = just before initial contact (35 degrees)

  • but the hip is ready to extend to get ready for weight acceptance
61
Q

when is the hip at neutral (sagittal plane)

A

neutral at toe-off

62
Q

when is the hip at neutral (frontal plane)

A

at initial contact

63
Q

hip adduction occurs (frontal) & max

A

as weight goes on stance foot

max hipp adduction is 5 degrees around 20% of gait cycle

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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