Thoracic Cavity 2 Flashcards
Where does the trachea run from?
from C6 to bifurcation (carina)
carina can rise and fall between T4-6
Describe the posterior relations of the manubrium
- posterior to sternoclavicular joint: BCV formation and division of brachiocephalic trunk to its branches on right side
- posterior to 1st right CC: formation of SVC
- posterior to 2nd right CC: arch of azygos joins SVC
- posterior to 3rd right CC: SVC enters right atrium
Where does the thoracic aorta run from?
sternal angle to aortic hiatus at T12
What are the visceral branches of the thoracic aorta?
- oesophageal arteries
- bronchial arteries (2 on left, 1 on right)
- pericardial branches
- mediastinal branches
- superior phrenic artery
What are the different types of muscle throughout the oesophagus?
- upper 1/3: striated
- middle 1/3: mix striated and smooth
- lower 1/3: smooth muscle
What kind of epithelia is found in the oesophagus?
stratified squamous
At what level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?
T10
What are the 4 constrictions of the oesophagus?
- upper oesophageal sphincter
- arch of aorta
- left main bronchus
- diaphragm
What is used to visualise the oesophagus on X-ray and why?
barium because it does not let the X-ray penetrate it
Why can constrictions of the oesophagus cause problems?
- constrictions are more likely to cause blockages
- they can hinder the passage of instruments
- slow down the passage of dangerous substances which can cause more damage
Describe the venous drainage of the oesophagus
- upper and middle third veins drain to azygos/hemiazygos/ accessory hemiazygos
- lower thirs drains to gastric vein to portal system
Explain how the oesophageal plexus is made up
left vagus forms anterior vagal trunk
right vagus forms posterior vagal trunk
fibres from posterior and anterior vagal trunk with sympathetic fibres form oesophageal plexus
Where are superior and inferior tracheobronchial nodes found?
clustered around the trachea and oesophagus
Where are the anterior mediastinal nodes found?
around the BCV
Where are the posterior mediastinal nodes found?
behind the heart and adjacent to the oesophagus
Explain lymph drainage of the thorax from the lungs
- pulomonary nodes drain to bronchopulmonary nodes
- to inferior and superior tracheobronchial nodes
- paratracheal nodea receive lymph from them and posterior mediastinal
- bronchomediastinal trunk receives lymph from them, parasternal and anterior mediastinal nodes
Where does the left jugular lymh trunk, subclavian lymph trunk and bronchomediastinal trunk drain to?
The thoracic duct to the left BCV
Where does the right jugular lymh trunk, subclavian lymph trunk and bronchomediastinal trunk drain to?
The right lymphatic duct to the right BCV
Where does the thoracic duct carry lymph from?
everywhere except thorax, upper limb and head and neck of the right side
What is the cisterna chyli?
the start of the thoracic duct
Where does the thoracic duct lie and where does it cross over?
between the aorta and azygos vein in the posterior mediastinum and crosses at T4/5
What is chylothorax?
When the thoracic duct is injured and lymph seeps into the cavity
