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MD3001 Cardiology > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior heart surface

A
  • sternocostal surface
  • mainly right ventricle
  • partly right atrium
  • partly left ventricle
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2
Q

Inferior heart surface

A
  • diaphragmatic surface
  • left ventricle
  • right ventricle
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3
Q

What separates the inferior heart surface from the base of the heart?

A

coronary sinus

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4
Q

What is the position of the apex of the heart?

A
  • left 5th intercostal space 8-10cm left of midline
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5
Q

What is the difference in the position of the apex of the heart in children?

A

more superior and lateral

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6
Q

What forms the base of the heart?

A
  • left atrium
  • pulmonary veins
  • small portion of right atrium
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7
Q

Describe the position of the base of the heart

A
  • fixed posteriorly to the pericardium
  • level of T6-9 standing
  • level T5-8 lying down
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8
Q

Describe the margins of the heart

A
  • right margin: right atrium
  • left margin: left ventricle and auricle
  • inferior margin: right ventricle and left ventricle
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9
Q

What are the external sulci of the heart?

A
  • coronary sulcus
  • anterior interventricular sulcus
  • posterior interventricular sulcus
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10
Q

Coronary sulcus

A
  • separates atria from ventricles
  • right coronary artery
  • left circumflex artery
  • coronary sinus
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11
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus

A
  • anterior interventricular artery
  • great cardiac vein
  • right of the apex
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12
Q

Posterior interventricular sulcus

A
  • posterior interventricular artery

- middle cardiac vein

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13
Q

What are the septae that separates the heart into chambers?

A
  • interatrial septum
  • intervetricular septum
  • atrioventricular septum
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14
Q

Where does the right atrium receive deoxygenated blood from?

A
  • SVC
  • IVC
  • coronary sinus
  • smallest cardiac veins
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15
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

muscular ridge that separates right atrium from right auricle

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16
Q

What is the crista terminalis referred to externally?

A

sulcus terminalis

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17
Q

What type of surface does the right atrium have?

A

smooth surface

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18
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis found?

A

On the right side of the interatrial septum

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19
Q

What is the margin of the fossa ovalis called?

A

limbus fossae ovalis

20
Q

What are the valves of the right atrium?

A
  • SVC has no valves but does have an intervenous tubercle
  • IVC has valve that directs blood to fossa ovalis (significant in foetal heart)
  • coronary sinus has valve to prevent regurgitation of blood
  • has openings of smallest cardiac veins
21
Q

What gives the right auricle its roughened surface?

A

pectinate muscles

22
Q

What is the role of pectinate muscles?

A

provides power of contraction without thickening the cardiac wall

23
Q

What is a potential danger of the pectinate muscles in the right auricle?

A

They can cause thrombus formation which can lead to atrial fibrillation

24
Q

What connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?

A

infundibulum (conus arteriosus)

25
Q

What muscles can be found attached to the walls of the right ventricle?

A
  • trabeculae carnea
  • septomarginal trabecula
  • papillary muscles
26
Q

What does the septomarginal trabecula do?

A
  • forms bridge between interventricular septum and anterior papillary muscle
  • carries right bundle branch of AV buncdle of cardiac conduction system
27
Q

What does the base of the tricuspid valve join to?

A

right fibrous ring called anulus fibrosus

28
Q

What direction does blood flow through the tricuspid valve?

A

anteriorly and medially

29
Q

What is the falx septi?

A
  • depressed area on the IA septum of the left atrium

- caused by fusion of the valve of foramen ovale

30
Q

How does the blood flow through the left ventricle?

A

anteriorly towards the apex

31
Q

What muscles are found in the left ventricle?

A
  • trabecula carnea

- posterior and anterior papillary muscles

32
Q

How does the blood flow in the aortic valve?

A

superiorly and to the right

33
Q

What connects the aortic valve to the aorta?

A

aortic vestibule

34
Q

Where are the aortic sinuses found?

A

Between the superior surface of the aortic valve cusps and the aortic wall

35
Q

Describe the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  • 4 fibrous rings around atrioventricular, aortic and pulmonary valves
  • between 4 rings, left and right trigones and the membranous portions of the septa
36
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A
  • point of attachment of cusps
  • maintains integrity and patency of AV and semilunar orifices
  • origin and insertion for atrial and ventricular muscles
  • insulates atria from ventricles for independent contraction
37
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Thin layer of endothelium that lines inner surface of walls and valves
  • receives oxygen and nutrients direct from chambers of heart
38
Q

Myocardium

A
  • atrial and ventricular musculature
  • muscles arranged in spiral and circular bundles
  • originate and insert of fibrous skeleton
39
Q

Epicardium

A

visceral layer on serous pericardium

40
Q

Describe where the 4 corners of the heart are found

A

1- right 3 CC 2cm right of midline
2- right 6 CC 2cm right of midline
3 - left 5 CC 7cm left of midline
4- left 2 CC 3cm left of midline

41
Q

what is the flow through the pulmonary valve?

A

superiorly and to the left

42
Q

what is the flow through the mitral valve

A

anteriorly and inferiorly towards apex

43
Q

What causes 1st heart sound?

A

closure of AV valves

44
Q

What causes 2nd heart sound?

A

closure of semilunar valve

45
Q

What causes 3rd heart sound?

A

filling of ventricle

MD3001 Cardiology (56 decks)

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