Heart

Question 1

Anterior heart surface

Answer 1

• sternocostal surface
• mainly right ventricle
• partly right atrium
• partly left ventricle

Question 2

Inferior heart surface

Answer 2

• diaphragmatic surface
• left ventricle
• right ventricle

Question 3

What separates the inferior heart surface from the base of the heart?

Answer 3

coronary sinus

Question 4

What is the position of the apex of the heart?

Answer 4

• left 5th intercostal space 8-10cm left of midline

Question 5

What is the difference in the position of the apex of the heart in children?

Answer 5

more superior and lateral

Question 6

What forms the base of the heart?

Answer 6

• left atrium
• pulmonary veins
• small portion of right atrium

Question 7

Describe the position of the base of the heart

Answer 7

• fixed posteriorly to the pericardium
• level of T6-9 standing
• level T5-8 lying down

Question 8

Describe the margins of the heart

Answer 8

• right margin: right atrium
• left margin: left ventricle and auricle
• inferior margin: right ventricle and left ventricle

Question 9

What are the external sulci of the heart?

Answer 9

• coronary sulcus
• anterior interventricular sulcus
• posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 10

Coronary sulcus

Answer 10

• separates atria from ventricles
• right coronary artery
• left circumflex artery
• coronary sinus

Question 11

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 11

• anterior interventricular artery
• great cardiac vein
• right of the apex

Question 12

Posterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 12

• posterior interventricular artery

- middle cardiac vein

Question 13

What are the septae that separates the heart into chambers?

Answer 13

• interatrial septum
• intervetricular septum
• atrioventricular septum

Question 14

Where does the right atrium receive deoxygenated blood from?

Answer 14

• SVC
• IVC
• coronary sinus
• smallest cardiac veins

Question 15

What is the crista terminalis?

Answer 15

muscular ridge that separates right atrium from right auricle

Question 16

What is the crista terminalis referred to externally?

Answer 16

sulcus terminalis

Question 17

What type of surface does the right atrium have?

Answer 17

smooth surface

Question 18

Where is the fossa ovalis found?

Answer 18

On the right side of the interatrial septum

Question 19

What is the margin of the fossa ovalis called?

Answer 19

limbus fossae ovalis

Question 20

What are the valves of the right atrium?

Answer 20

• SVC has no valves but does have an intervenous tubercle
• IVC has valve that directs blood to fossa ovalis (significant in foetal heart)
• coronary sinus has valve to prevent regurgitation of blood
• has openings of smallest cardiac veins

Question 21

What gives the right auricle its roughened surface?

Answer 21

pectinate muscles

Question 22

What is the role of pectinate muscles?

Answer 22

provides power of contraction without thickening the cardiac wall

Question 23

What is a potential danger of the pectinate muscles in the right auricle?

Answer 23

They can cause thrombus formation which can lead to atrial fibrillation

Question 24

What connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 24

infundibulum (conus arteriosus)

Question 25

What muscles can be found attached to the walls of the right ventricle?

Answer 25

- trabeculae carnea - septomarginal trabecula - papillary muscles

Question 26

What does the septomarginal trabecula do?

Answer 26

- forms bridge between interventricular septum and anterior papillary muscle - carries right bundle branch of AV buncdle of cardiac conduction system

Question 27

What does the base of the tricuspid valve join to?

Answer 27

right fibrous ring called anulus fibrosus

Question 28

What direction does blood flow through the tricuspid valve?

Answer 28

anteriorly and medially

Question 29

What is the falx septi?

Answer 29

- depressed area on the IA septum of the left atrium | - caused by fusion of the valve of foramen ovale

Question 30

How does the blood flow through the left ventricle?

Answer 30

anteriorly towards the apex

Question 31

What muscles are found in the left ventricle?

Answer 31

- trabecula carnea | - posterior and anterior papillary muscles

Question 32

How does the blood flow in the aortic valve?

Answer 32

superiorly and to the right

Question 33

What connects the aortic valve to the aorta?

Answer 33

aortic vestibule

Question 34

Where are the aortic sinuses found?

Answer 34

Between the superior surface of the aortic valve cusps and the aortic wall

Question 35

Describe the fibrous skeleton of the heart

Answer 35

- 4 fibrous rings around atrioventricular, aortic and pulmonary valves - between 4 rings, left and right trigones and the membranous portions of the septa

Question 36

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Answer 36

- point of attachment of cusps - maintains integrity and patency of AV and semilunar orifices - origin and insertion for atrial and ventricular muscles - insulates atria from ventricles for independent contraction

Question 37

Endocardium

Answer 37

- Thin layer of endothelium that lines inner surface of walls and valves - receives oxygen and nutrients direct from chambers of heart

Question 38

Myocardium

Answer 38

- atrial and ventricular musculature - muscles arranged in spiral and circular bundles - originate and insert of fibrous skeleton

Question 39

Epicardium

Answer 39

visceral layer on serous pericardium

Question 40

Describe where the 4 corners of the heart are found

Answer 40

1- right 3 CC 2cm right of midline 2- right 6 CC 2cm right of midline 3 - left 5 CC 7cm left of midline 4- left 2 CC 3cm left of midline

Question 41

what is the flow through the pulmonary valve?

Answer 41

superiorly and to the left

Question 42

what is the flow through the mitral valve

Answer 42

anteriorly and inferiorly towards apex

Question 43

What causes 1st heart sound?

Answer 43

closure of AV valves

Question 44

What causes 2nd heart sound?

Answer 44

closure of semilunar valve

Question 45

What causes 3rd heart sound?

Answer 45

filling of ventricle