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MD3001 Cardiology > Surface Anatomy of the Neck > Flashcards

Surface Anatomy of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Investing (superficial fascia)

A
  • covers sternocleidomastoid muscle, trapezius, suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle
  • covers parathyroid and submandibular gland
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2
Q

Pretracheal fascia

A
  • surrounds trachea and oesophagus
  • covers thyroid and parathyroid gland
  • superiorly buccopharyngeal fascia
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3
Q

Prevertebral fascia

A
  • covers vertebral column including cervical nerves and muscles in the front and back of the column
  • 2 layers, prevertebral fascia closest to vertebral bodies and alar fascia
  • extends from base of skull to superior mediastinum at level T3
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4
Q

What are the potential spaces in the neck?

A
  • retropharyngeal space

- danger space

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5
Q

What is the function of the retropharyngeal space?

A
  • allows movement of oesophagus, pharynx, larynx and trachea relative to the vertebral column during breathing and swallowing
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6
Q

What are the open and closed borders of the retropharyngeal space?

A
  • closed superiorly by cranial base
  • closed on each side by carotid sheath
  • open inferiorly into superior mediastinum
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7
Q

What is the retropharyngeal space?

A

the space between the alar fascia and the pretracheal fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia

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8
Q

What is the danger space?

A

between the prevertebral fascial layer and the alar fascial layer

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9
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the danger space?

A

it is a major pathway where infection can spread to the mediastinum

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10
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the retropharyngeal space?

A
  • retropharyngeal abscesses from infections in the nasopharynx/paranasal sinuses/middle ear
  • dental abscesses can spread to mediastinum
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11
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • superior: inferior border of mandible
  • lateral: anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • medial: sagittal line down the midline of the neck
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12
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • anterior: posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • posterior: anterior border of trapezius
  • inferior: middle 1/3 of clavicle
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13
Q

What things needed to be checked if a patient comes in with a neck lump?

A
  • location (which neck triangle)
  • tenderness
  • heat/inflammation
  • size/depth
  • pulsatile
  • on its own/many
  • movement ( can patient swallow/stick out tongue)
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14
Q

Where does the facial nerve pass through

A

stylomastoid process

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15
Q

Where would you feel to find the transverse process of the atlas?

A

between the mastoid process and posterior to the angle of the mandible

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16
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence?

A
  • the angle between the 2 laminae (lesser and greater horns) of the thyroid cartilage
  • fusion of inferior 2/3 of 2 lamina
  • adam’s apple
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17
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A
  • cricoid cartilage
  • rotational movement
  • change length/sound of vocal cords
18
Q

What is the largest branch of the arch of aorta?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

19
Q

What muscles cover the brachiocephalic trunk anteriorly?

A
  • right sternohyoid

- sternohyoid muscles

20
Q

What are the divisions of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A
  • right common carotid artery

- right subclavian artery

21
Q

What are the branches of the 3 parts of the subclavian artery?

A

1st part:

  • vertebral artery
  • thyrocervical trunk
  • internal thoracic artery

2nd part:
- costocervical trunk

3rd part:
- dorsal scapular artery

22
Q

Where does the common carotid artery divide and into what?

A

bifurcates at level of superior border of thyroid cartilage into:

  • internal carotid artery
  • external carotid artery
23
Q

Where would you find the carotid sinus?

A

at the origin of the internal carotid artery/carotid bifurcation where there is a swelling

24
Q

What innervates the carotid body and sinus?

A
  • afferent glossopharyngeal nerve (to brain)

- efferent vagus nerve (to cause change)

25
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A
  • baroreceptor

- reacts to change in arterial blood pressure

26
Q

What is the carotid body?

A
  • chemoreceptor

- monitors partial pressure of CO2 (so pH level)

27
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

the intracranial structures

28
Q

What vessels are in the carotid sheath?

A
  • internal jugular vein
  • internal carotid artery
  • vagus nerve
29
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A
  • superior thyroid artery
  • ascending pharyngeal artery
  • lingual artery
  • facial artery
  • occipital artery
  • posterior auricular artery
  • maxillary artery
  • superficial temporal artery
    (Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students)
30
Q

What is the dural venous sinus and what are its divisions?

A
  • space between 2 layers of meninges that act like veins
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • inferior sagittal sinus
  • sinus rectus
31
Q

What drains the cranium?

A
  • dural venous sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
  • all merge to become internal jugular vein
32
Q

What structures is the internal jugular vein closely related to?

A
  • vagus nerve
  • phrenic nerve
  • brachial plexus
33
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the IJV?

A
  • central venous access/central venous catheterisation
  • most commonly inserted in IJV (can be subclavian)
  • complications include pneumothorax/puncture of subclavian artery/nerve injury
34
Q

What is a risk of central venous access?

A

if the external jugular vein is used then there is risk of air embolism

35
Q

What forms the external jugular vein?

A
  • posterior division of the retromandibular vein

- posterior auricular vein

36
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain?

A

most of scalp and side of face

37
Q

Describe the position of the external jugular vein

A
  • descends from angle of mandible to middle of clavicle
  • crosses SCM and enters antero-inferior part of posterior triangle
  • pierces superficial fascia at posterior border of SCM
  • descends and terminates in subclavian vein
38
Q

Where is the anterior jugular vein found?

A

inferior to hyoid bone

39
Q

Where does the anterior jugular vein drain to?

A
  • external jugular vein
  • subclavian vein
  • both sides join together to form jugular venous arch
40
Q

What are the nerves in the neck?

A
  • cutaneous branches of cervical plexus
  • Erb’s point
  • accessory nerve
41
Q

What is Erb’s point?

A

Where the 4 cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus (lesser occipital, great auricular nerve, transverse cervical and supraclavicular) become superficial

42
Q

What is the control of the accessory nerve?

A

motor control of trapezius and SCM

MD3001 Cardiology (56 decks)

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