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OS1 Final > Thoracic Cage, Lumbar SD, and Vertebral Mechanics > Flashcards

Thoracic Cage, Lumbar SD, and Vertebral Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the orientation of the superior facets in the cervical region?

Thoracic Region?

Lumbar Region?

A

BUM: Backward, upward, medial

BUL: Backward, upward, later

BM: Backward, medial

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2
Q

What prevents backwards extension?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

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3
Q

What connects the laminae to adjacent vertebra?

A

Ligamentum Flava

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4
Q

What ligament resists hyper flexion?

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

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5
Q

Between Posterior and Anterior Longitudinal Lig, which one is weaker?

A

Posterior

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6
Q

What ligament connects spinous processes? Transverse processes?

A

Interspinous Ligaments

Intertransverse Ligaments

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7
Q

What are the 3 primary muscles we talked about that EXTEND the back when used bilaterally?

A

Rotatores
Multifidis
Semispinalis

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8
Q

What do the rotatores muscles do unilaterally?

bilaterally?

A

Rotates thoracic spine to the opposite side

extends the thoracic spine

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9
Q

What do the multifidis muscles do unilaterally? Bilaterally?

A

Flexes spine to same side, rotates to the opposite side

Extends the spine

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10
Q

What do the semispinalis muscles do unilaterally?

Bilaterally?

A

Bends the head, cervical, and thoracic spines to the same side, rotates to opposite

extends thoracic and cervical spines and head

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11
Q

What is coupled motion?

A

association of motion along or about one axis with another motion about or along a second axis.

this motion cannot work without them both!

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12
Q

What is linkage?

A

relationship of joint mechanics with surrounding structures.

linking stuff increases range of motion.

specific joint assessment requires joint isolation for accurate measurement and evaluation.

still moves though.

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13
Q

What are the different barriers?

A

Physiologic barrier = what the patient can do

anatomic barrier = limit of motion imposed by anatomic structure = limit of passive motion. (what the physician can do)

restrictive barrier - functional limit within the anatomic range of motion. diminishes normal range

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14
Q

What’s between anatomic and physiologic barrier?

A

Elastic

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15
Q

What happens if you restrict motion in the spine?

A

reduce efficiency
impair flow of fluids
alter nerve function
structural imbalance

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16
Q

What are Fryette’s principles?

A

TONGO

Type 2 = same w/ flexion/extension component. not grouped

17
Q

What are the spinal landmarks?

A

T3 spine of the scapula (also

18
Q

What is Scoliosis? What population is it worse in?

What are the two types?

A

Lateral curvature of the spine. more common in females.

Dextroscoliosis = curving to the lateral right

Levoscoliosis = curving to the lateral left

19
Q

How do you assess if someone has scoliosis?

A

have them bend over (forward bending test) and you’ll see the rib cage come up or its just super prominent.

Cobb angle is often used as well.

Scoliometer

20
Q

How do you know how bad scoliosis is? what are the parameters?

what are the bad angles to be at?

A

Based on the Cobb angle

less than 25 degrees = monitor with frequent radiographs and OMT

25-45 degrees = non operative = bracing to help recorrect

greater than 45 = surgical fusion to prevent progression

respiratory compromise = 50
cardiac compromise = >75

21
Q

What are the 3 different mechanical Low back pains?

A

Radiculopathy
Spinal Stenosis
Cauda Equina Syndrome

22
Q

What is radiculopathy?

A

herniated disc

nucleus pulposus impinge on the nerve roots.

they are associated with dermatomes so you’ll have pain and neurologic dysfunction.

diminished reflexes.

typically acute but may become chronic.

23
Q

how do you know it’s radiculopathy?

how do you know they are falsifying it (malingering)

A

MRI
(+) straight leg test (raise leg with knee extended and if they say it’s painful and it occurs from 15 to 30 degrees that’s a lumbar etiology.

hold your hand under the contralateral leg that you don’t think is injured. as they raise the leg they’ll push down with the other leg.. indicates that the patient is trying.

24
Q

What happens to someone who has a herniated L4-5 disc?

A

pain on the hip and lateral thigh.

numb on first three toes and lateral leg

CAN’T WALK ON HEEL since they can’t lift the foot

25
Q

What happens to someone who has a herniated disc of L5-S1?

A

pretty much the same but THEY CAN’T WALK ON THEIR TOES!!

atrophy of gastric or soleus

26
Q

What is spinal stenosis?

A

pain bilaterally in lower limbs

neurogenic claudication (pain or cramping due to obstruction of that spinal cord)

CHRONIC

27
Q

how do you know you have spinal stenosis

A

MRI and + straight leg test

28
Q

Cauda Equina Syndrome? why is it so bad?

what is saddle anesthesia?

what other major symptom are they going to present with?

A

this is worst of the 3 types

protrusion impingement can cause permanent and acute neurological damage.

the part that contacts the saddle is numb

“doc I can’t pee”

29
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

Neural tube doesn’t form so you have spinal cord opening

30
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta?

Meningocele

Myelomeningocele

A

Tuft of hair. no herniation at all, all in the spinal canal

protrusion of meninges in the defect. not that bad

worst one. spinal cord floats out into the protrusion

31
Q

what’s the first thing you do in the radiographic imaging of lumbar?

second?

third?

A

vertebral bodies = look for color or breaks.

Lines - smooth anterior line
smooth curve of posterior and look at the spinous processes

intervertebral discs. should be evenly spaced.

32
Q

What is sacralization?

Lumbarization?

A

fusion of L5 to the sacrum. articulates with the sacrum.

S1 doesn’t fuse to the rest of the sacrum so it’s by itself like a lumbar vertebra.

33
Q

What is spondylosis?

spondylolysis

spondylolesthesis

A

bony spurs on the edges of the vertebral bodies. they create these hook like things

“Scotty dog”.. you have a fracture that makes it look like the dog’s collar

fracture + slipping of one vertebra on another

34
Q

What are the Viscerosomatic Reflexes?

A

punt

OS1 Final (7 decks)

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