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Chiro Essentials Anatomy > Thoracic and Urinary Anatomy > Flashcards

Thoracic and Urinary Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The thoracic cage is made of?

A

Sternum anteriorly, 12 T vertebrae posteriorly, 12 pairs of ribs laterally

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2
Q

Manubrium of the sternum articulates with?

A

Clavicles, 1st ribs, part of 2nd ribs, body of sternum

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3
Q

Body of sternum articulates with what via what type of joint (x2)

A

Manubrium via symphyseal joint

2-6th ribs via synovial joints

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4
Q

The xiphoid process articulates with what via what type of joint?

A

Body of sternum via symphyseal joint

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5
Q

Which are true ribs and what makes them true?

A

Ribs 1-7 because they articulate with the sternum

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6
Q

Which are false ribs and what makes them false?

A

Ribs 8-10 because they have cartilaginous ends and articulate with the cartilage of the rib above

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7
Q

Which are floating ribs and what makes them floating?

A

Ribs 11-12 because their anterior ends aren’t connected

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8
Q

Which are the typical ribs?

A

Ribs 3-9

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9
Q

Features of typical ribs (3-9)?

A

Head w/2 articular demi-facets (art w/vertebra above and corresponding vertebra), neck btw head and tubercle, upper border of neck has crest for superior costotransverse ligament, tubercle with facet for articulation w/TVP of corresponding vertebra and rough part for lateral costotransverse ligament, angle btw tubercle and shaft, shaft has ext/int surfaces and sup (smooth/round)/inf (sharp, costal groove) borders, costal cartilage unossified ant end of rib and costal end articulate w/sternum via synovial joints

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10
Q

Which are the atypical ribs?

A

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

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11
Q

1st rib features?

A

shortest, most curvaceous, head has one articular facet, , rib has extra tubercle for anterior scalene attachement, rib has inner/outer borders and sup/inf surfaces, extra groove for subclavian A

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12
Q

2nd rib is atypical because?

A

Large rough tuberosity for attachment of serratus ant

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13
Q

10-12th rib is atypical because?

A

One facet on the head

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14
Q

External intercostal muscle fibers run which directions?

A

Downward and medial (hands in pocket)

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15
Q

Internal intercostal muscle fibers run which directions?

A

Upward and medial

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16
Q

Innermost intercostal muscle fibers run which directions?

A

Upward and medial

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17
Q

The neurovascular bundle in the intercostal spacs runs between what muscles?

A

Internal and innermost intercostals

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18
Q

What is in the intercostal space’s neurovascular bundle from top to bottom?

A

Intercostal vein
Intercostal artery
Intercostal nerve

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19
Q

The intercostal space is covered by what externally and internally?

A

Skin

parietal pleura

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20
Q

The breast is a modified type of sweat gland, which one?

A

apocrine sweat gland

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21
Q

The tail of spence is located under what and where?

A

deep fascia

Axilla

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22
Q

The breast lies between which ribs?

A

Usually 2-6

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23
Q

How many lobules are in the breast embedded in fat and fibrous tissue?

A

15-20

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24
Q

The suspensory ligament of cooper attaches breast glandular tissue to what?

A

skin above pectoral fascia

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25
Q

Glandular tissue of the breast opens into what ducts?

A

Lactiferous ducts

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26
Q

Lactiferous ducts are dilated towards what sinuses before opening into the nipple?

A

lactiferous sinuses

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27
Q

The nipple line lies in the center of what?

A

Areola

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28
Q

The breast is supplied by what blood vessels?

A

Lateral thoracic, internal thoracic, 2-4th anterior intercostal, thoraco-acromial A

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29
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage pathway of the breast?

A

75% to anterior (pectoral) group of axillary nodes, cntral group axillary nodes and apical group axillary nodes and rest drain to nodes along internal T A and a small amount drain to ant ab wall

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30
Q

What landmarks separate the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Horizontal line btw manubriosternal joint (angle of Louis) and IVD of T4/5

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31
Q

What is in the superior mediastinum?

A

Trachea, vagus and phrenic N, Arch of aorta and br, SVC, Thoracic duct, Esophagus, Remnant of Thymus gland

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32
Q

What are the three compartments of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Middle, anterior (btw sternum and heart), posterior (btw heart and T vertebra)

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33
Q

The anterior compartment of the inferior mediastinum contains?

A

Connective tissue, lymph nodes, remnants of thymus

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34
Q

The middle compartment of the inferior mediastinum contains?

A

Heart, pericardium, roots of great vessels, phrenic N

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35
Q

The posterior compartment of the inferior mediastinum contains?

A

Vagus, splanchnic N, sympathetic trunks, descending thoracic aorta and br (posterior intercostal A, esophageal br, bronchial A), azygos venous system, thoracic duct, esophagus

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36
Q

The esophagus is lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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37
Q

Where does the esophagus begin?

A

Circoid cartilage C6

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38
Q

Where does th esophagus pass behind the trachea?

A

Lower part of the neck and superior mediastinum

39
Q

Where does the esophagus pass behind the left atrium of the heart?

A

Posterior mediastinum

40
Q

What level of the thoracics does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10

41
Q

What level of the thoracic does the esophagus join the stomach?

A

T11

42
Q

The esophagus has three layers what are they and what are the made of?

A

Inner: stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium
Middle: submucosa, epithelial glands
Outer: outer longitudinal and inner circular layer of muscles

43
Q

The upper third of the esophagus:
surrounded by?
Supplied by what artery?
Lymphatic drainage?

A

Skeletal muscle
Inferior thyroid A
Lower deep cervical lymph nodes

44
Q

The middle third of the esophagus:
surrounded by?
Supplied by what artery?
Lymphatic drainage?

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle
Thoracic aorta br
mediastinal lymph nodes

45
Q

The lower third of the esophagus:
surrounded by?
Supplied by what artery?
Lymphatic drainage?

A

Smooth muscle
Left gastric A
Left gastric lymph nodes

46
Q

The venous drainage for the esophagus are the?

A

Inferior thyroid, esophageal, L gastric V

47
Q

What are the three areas the esophagus narrows?

A

C6, T5 - X L bronchus, T10 pass through diaphragm

48
Q

The kidney develops in what embryological tissue?

A

Mesoderm

49
Q

From what embryological tissue does the nephron develop?

A

Metanephros

50
Q

The ureteric bud of the mesonephric duct develops into what?

A

Collecting tubules, minor/major calyces and he ureter

51
Q

The bladder arises from what embrylogical tissue except the trigone which comes from?

A

endodermurogenital sinus

Meoderm

52
Q

Why does the right kidney lie 1.5” lower than the left?

A

Larger right lobe of the lover

53
Q

What is inside the hilum of the kidney A-P?

A

Renal V, A, ureter

54
Q

What are the three coverings of the kidney from inside-out?

A

Thin fibrous capsule, peri-renal fat in renal fascia, surrounded by another layer of fat (extraperitoneal, para-renal fat)

55
Q

What four muscles are posterior to the kidney?

A

Diaphragm, QL, psoas major, Transversu abdominis

56
Q

What three nerves are posterior to the kidney?

A

Subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves

57
Q

what two vessels are posterior to the kidney?

A

Subcostal V and A

58
Q

What bone is posterior to kidney?

A

12th rib, and 11th rib on

59
Q

What structure is in the kidney medulla?

A

pyramids separated by columns

60
Q

What does the apex of the kidney medullary pyramid open into?

A

minor calyx

61
Q

What does the major calyx open into?

A

Renal pelvis

62
Q

The renal A is a branch of what?

A

Abdominal aorta @L1

63
Q

What are the five segmental branches of the renal A?

A

Interlobar, arcuate, interlobuar, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles

64
Q

Renal veins drain into?

A

IVC

65
Q

Left renal vein receives what?

A

L adrenal V, L gonadal V

66
Q

The ureter is lined with what type of cell?

A

Transitional epithelium

67
Q

The ureter leaves the hilum of kidney behind what structure?

A

Renal A

68
Q

The ureter travels downward on what mucle?

A

psoas major

69
Q

At the level of the ischial spine the ureter turns medial and forward to enter what?

A

Base of bladder

70
Q

In the male the ureter passes under what structure? Female?

A

Ductus deferens

Uterine A

71
Q

What arteries supply the ureter?

A

Renal, gonadal, common and internal iliac arteries

72
Q

What nerves innervate the ureter?

A

T10-L1, S2-4

73
Q

What is the referred pain pattern for the ureter?

A

Loin-groin T10-L1 nerve distribution

74
Q

What shape is the bladder?

A

Tetrahedral

75
Q

The base of bladder is triangular and lies in what direction?

A

Posteriorly

76
Q

The neck of the bladder is the apex of the base and lies _______ to the prostate

A

superior

77
Q

The apex of the bladder lies just behind what structure?

A

symphysis pubis

78
Q

Where does the bladder lie in the female?

A

Anterior and inferior to the uterus

79
Q

The bladder is made of what tissue?

A

Detrusor and transitional epithelium

80
Q

The internal bladder sphincter is comprised of what? Innervated by?

A

smooth muscle
Relax - Pelvic splanchnic N (S2-4)
Contract: L1/2 sympathetic

81
Q

The external bladder sphincter is what type of muscle and innervated by?

A 
Skeletal
Pudendal N (S2-4)
82
Q

The prostate surrounds?

A

1st part of urethra

83
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the prostate?

A

Ant, post, R/L lateral, median btw ejaculatory ducts

84
Q

What are the 3 zones of the prostate?

A

Peripheral, central, transitional

85
Q

The prostate is covered by two capsules what are they?

A

True thin fibrous, false capsule (endopelvic fascia)

86
Q

Where is the prostatic venous plexus located?

A

Btw the true thin fibrous capsule and false capsule

87
Q

Why does prostate cancer spread so easily?

A

Prostatic venous plexus communicates w/external and internal vertebral venous plexues w/no valves (Batson) allows easy spread to Lumbar vertebra and basivertebral V

88
Q

How long is the urethra in males vs females

A

8” vs 1.75”

89
Q

Male urethra is divided into how many parts?

A

prostatic, membranous (shortest), penile parts

90
Q

The penile part of the urethra passes through what to open at the urethral orifice in the undersurface of the glans penis?

A

corpus spongiosum

91
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) located?

A

Urogenital diaphragm and drain into penile part of urethra

92
Q

Bulbourethral glands are the homologue to what?

A

Bartholin’s glands

93
Q

Where does the female urethra open?

A

Between the clitoris and vaginal orifice

Chiro Essentials Anatomy (6 decks)

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