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2- SA- Cardiology > Thoracic and cardiac surgery > Flashcards

Thoracic and cardiac surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What additional equipment/monitoring is required for thoracic surgery

A

IPPV
Invasive BP
Capacity to perform thoracic drainage
Additional surgical equipment: surgical stapler
Post operative care, monitoring and management

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2
Q

What are the pulmonary indications for thoracic surgery

A

primary lung tumour
idiopathic pneumothorax
pulmonary foreign body
lung lobe torsion

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3
Q

What are cardiac indications for thoracic surgery

A

vascular ring anomaly
patent ductus arteriosus
pericardiectomy for idiopathic pericardial effusion
opne heart surgery (mitral valve repair)

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4
Q

What are the miscellaneous indications or cardiac surgery?

A

-Thymectomy for thymoma
-Thoracic duct ligation
-Oesophagotomy for FB
-Tracheal avulsion
-Exploratory thoracotomy

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5
Q

Where is incision in lateral 4th thoracetomy

A

between 4th and 5th rib

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6
Q

what surgery is commonly performed via thoracoscopy

A

pericardiectomy

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7
Q

What is the treatment for repeat idiopathic pericardial effusion

A

Subtotal pericardiectomy

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8
Q

What is used for ligation of the bronchi in a lobectomy?

A

Suture or staples

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9
Q

How does lobectomy vary according to whether blebs or bulla are the cause of idiopathic pneumothorax?

A

-Partial lobectomy for blebs (gas containing space <1cm)
-Whole lobectomy for bulla (gas containing space >1cm)

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10
Q

Which lung lobe most commonly twists causing lung lobe torsion?

A

right middle lung lobe

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11
Q

How does vascular ring anomaly present on contrast radiography?

A

Dilation of oesophagus up to the level of obstruction (heart base)

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12
Q

What is the name of the device implanted in PDA surgery?

A

Amplatz device- blocks flow between pulmonary artery and aorta

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13
Q

What is meant by pulse paradoxus?

A

Different cardiac outputs (and pulses) between heartbeats

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14
Q

What equipment is needed to perform pericardiocentesis?

A

-16 to 14 gauge cannula
-Three way stopcock
-20ml or 60ml syringe
-Extension tube/giving set

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15
Q

Where is the cannula inserted when performing pericardiocentesis?

A

4th 5th or 6th ICS just below the costochondral junction on the right side

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16
Q

Why does surgery not need to be performed for a bony foreign body in the stomach?

A

will be dissolved by gastric acid

17
Q

What are the indications for pacemaker implantation?

A

-Symptomatic bradycardia in dogs and cats
-Advanced second-degree AV block
-Advanced third-degree AV block
-Sick sinus syndrome
-Persistent atrial standstill
-Vasovagal syncope

18
Q

What is second degree AV block?

A

AV node only allows some SAN initiated beats to travel through the node into the ventricles

19
Q

How does second degree AV block appear on ECG?

A

-Consistent regular p waves
-More p waves that QRS complexes
-When present QRS complex is often wide

20
Q

What is third degree AV block?

A

All SAN initiated beats are blocked at the AV node and ventricles generate their own inherent contraction

21
Q

How does third degree AV block appear on ECG

A

Lack of relationship between P waves and QRS complex

22
Q

How does atrial standstill appear on ECG

A

Lack of p waves due to atria being unable to depolarise

23
Q

What is sick sinus syndrome?

A

A heart rhythm whereby the sinus node (which normally initiates the beating heart) intermittently does not discharge an impulse to trigger the heart to contract

24
Q

What is vasovagal syncope

A

Sudden decrease in blood pressure causing syncope due to an increase in parasympathetic tone and decrease in sympathetic tone

25
Q

How are pacemakers implanted?

A

Normally transvenously using endocardial leads
-Rarely at open surgery using epicardial leads

26
Q

Where does the battery pack of the pacemaker commonly reside insitu?

A

In the neck

27
Q

Where does the implanted endocardial lead of a pacemaker sit?

A

Against epicardium or endocardium of the ventricle

28
Q

What is the treatment of choice for a primary lung tumour

A

lung lobe removal

29
Q

why do we commonly use staples for lobectomys

A

as they can provide an air tight seal very quickly

30
Q

what is a alveolar bleb

A

integrity of the parietal surface of the plura is not right and small bubbles form - blebs
gas filled structure <1cm

31
Q

what is an alveolar bulla

A

single structures that develop due to a problem in the anatomoical makeup of the airway or a physiological issue
gas filled structure >1cm

32
Q

treatment for blebs or bulla

A

partial lobectomy

33
Q

what can make lung lobes more prone to torsion

A

pleural effusion

2- SA- Cardiology (15 decks)

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