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2- SA- Cardiology > Endocardial disease in small animals > Flashcards

Endocardial disease in small animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocardial disease

A

disease on the endocardium
primarily valvular disease

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2
Q

describe the pathology of chronic degenerative valvular disease

A

thickening and redundancy of heart valve leaflets
is degeneration of mitral and/or tricuspid valve (tricuspid on its own is rare)
area becomes thickened

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3
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of chronic degenerative valve disease

A

as the valve gets thicker, it doesn’t shut adequately
blood regurg from ventricles to atrium
end diastolic volume bigger than normal
stroke volume increases, forward output falls
atrium has to deal with regurge vol and bigger venous return
atria gets bigger
flow through aorta will go down, less blood going out of aorta
large end diastolic vol
cardiomyocytes stretch-increase in heart size over time

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4
Q

What is the signalment for chronic valve degeneration disease

A

middle –> older age
small breeds
cavalier king Charles spaniels, poodles, chihuahua

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5
Q

What is the rule of thumb when it comes to heart conditions in dogs?

A

small breed dogs- chronic degenerative valve disease
large breed dogs - Dilated cardio myopathy

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6
Q

Describe how an animal with chronic degenerative valve disease present

A

typical congestive heart failure history
increased resp rate and effort
coughing
decreased appetite

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7
Q

Describe how you would decide if a murmur is a sign of significant disease

A

grade 3 murmur or louder
heart rate>120
loss of sinus arrhythmia
precordial thrill
dysrhythmia pulse deficits

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8
Q

How do you investigate chronic degenerative valvular disease

A

if stable:
echocardiography
thoracic radiographs
ECG
biochemistry
BP

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9
Q

what do you tend to see on thoracic radiographs with chronic degenerative valvular disease

A

enlarged heart
elevated trachea
clear lung fields
Bulge on cardiac silhouette at 2-3 o’clock in DV = L atrial appendage

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10
Q

How do we use echocardiograms to diagnose chronic degenerative valvular disease

A

tachycardia
arrhythmia-APCs, atrial fibrillation
changes in complex morphology

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of heart failure in dogs

A

valvular disease

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12
Q

What are the two types of endocardial disease

A

acquired form
OR
congenital form

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13
Q

List 3 examples of acquired form of endocardial disease

A

Chronic degenerative valvular disease (CDVD)
endocarditis
traumatic injury

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14
Q

How many classes of CDVD are there

A

4 classes

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15
Q

Describe class 1 CDVD

A

small discrete nodules along the edge of the valve

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16
Q

Describe class 2 CDVD

A

thickened free edges and irregular

17
Q

Describe class 3 CDVD

A

valve edges are grossly thickened and nodular with extension of lesions to the base of the CT

18
Q

Describe class 4 CDVD

A

further severity of class 3 lesions

19
Q

why do jet lesions occur in CDVD

A

regurgitant jet of blood moves into the atrium

20
Q

why does the atria enlarge in CDVD

A

due to blood regurgitating from the ventricles into the atrium and normal venous return entering the atrium - leads to there being an abnormal amount of blood within the atria

21
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of a dog with CDVD

A

increased respiratory rate and effort
coughing
exercise intolerance
decreased appetite / weight loss

22
Q

What are the 3 types of heart murmurs

A

pathological, innocent and physiological

23
Q

how many grades of heart murmur are there

A

6

24
Q

Describe a grade 1 heart murmur

A

quiet, only heard after a few minutes in a quiet room

25
Q

Describe a grade 2 heart murmur

A

quiet but easily audible

26
Q

Describe a grade 3 heart murmur

A

same intensity as the heart sounds

27
Q

Describe a grade 4 heart murmur

A

a murmur louder than the heart sounds but no precordial thrill heard

28
Q

Describe a grade 5 heart murmur

A

very loud murmur and precordial thrill present

29
Q

Describe a grade 6 heart murmur

A

murmur audible when stethoscope removed from the chest wall

30
Q

where is a murmurs PMI for a mitral insufficiency

A

over the left apex

31
Q

what radiographic abnormalities are seen in a dog with CHF

A

elevation of distal trachea
increased cardiac silhouette height
straightening of the caudal border of the heart and loss of the cardiac waist
tenting of the LA
bulge on cardiac silhoette in DV

32
Q

why is echocardiography not useful for CHF

A

because you can’t diagnose CHF or the extent of the problems from looking at the heart on ultrasound

33
Q

what is often blamed for endocarditis

A

dental disease

34
Q

what type of murmur will an animal with endocarditis have

A

a variable murmur

2- SA- Cardiology (15 decks)

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