Thompson 3 Flashcards
Which complexes helps establish proton gradient necessary for ETC?
Complex 1, 3, 4.
What is the order of complexes/cytochromes in ETC?
Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase) with FMN Complex 2 (Succinate dehydrogenase) with succ to fum Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) Complex 3 (cyto bc1) Fe2+ Cyt C (Fe2+) Complex 4 (cyto a a3) Fe2+ Complex 5 makes ATP.
Which complex of ETC oxidizes NADH?
Complex 1
Which complex of ETC oxidizes FADH2?
complex 2.
What does amytal rotenone block?
e transfer from FMN (in complex 1) to coenzyme q (ubiquinone).
What does antimycin block?
e transfer from Complex 3( cyto bc1) to cyto C.
What does CN-, CO, or sodium azide block?
e transfer from complex 4 (cyto a a3) to O2.
What does an uncoupling protein do for ETC?
proton leak, allows H to reenter mito matrix without making ATP, makes heat instead.
How do reducing equivalents enter the mitochondria?
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
malate aspartate shuttle
In the glycerol phosphate shuttle, reduced ________ goes from cytosol to inner mito membrane, and oxidized ________ goes from inner mito membrane to cytosol.
Glycerol 3 phosphate from cytosol enters inner mito membrane
DHAP from inner mito membrane enters cytosol.
In the malate aspartate shuttle, reduced ____ enters the mito matrix, and oxidized _____ enters cytosol from mito matrix.
malate from cytosol to mito matrix
aspartate from mito matrix to cytosol
What is the critical difference between glycerol phosphate shuttle and malate aspartate shuttle?
glycerol phosphate shuttle ultimately ends up with FADH2 as the reducing equivalent for ETC.
O2 is a biradical that can turn into (ROS) ___, ___ or ___ causing cell damage.
OH-, O2-, H2O2.
Vitamin ___ can reduce ROS with antioxidant activity.
E.
H2O2 to 2H2O via _________.
Glutathione peroxidase.
2 (G-SH) to G-S-S-G (reduced to oxidized).
What rereduces G-S-S-G back to G-SH so that it can help prevent H2O2 damage?
Glutathione reductase. requires NADPH
The pentose phosphate pathway turns G6P to NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate, the latter used in _______.
nucleotide synthesis
What is NADPH used for?
FA biosynthesis, detoxification of drugs by monooxygenases, and reducing glutathione.
In the oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway, G6P is irreversibly oxidized to
Ribulose 5 Phosphate.
In the nonoxidative stage of PPP, ribulose 5 phosphate turns into _____, which provides sugar for nucleotide synthesis.
Ribose 5 phosphate.
T or F. Organs that produce steroids and FAs have PPP activity.
True.
Name some organs that use PPP.
Adrenals, Testes, Ovaries: steroids
Liver, adipose, mammary glands : FA
RBCs: maintain reduced glutathione
What are some processes that require NADPH?
Glutathione reduction cytochrome p450 monooxygenases FA synthesis/elongation, cholesterol synthesis neurotransmitter synthesis nucleotide synthesis
In bacteria, NADPH oxidase turns O2 into O2-, which is known as a _______ _______.
respiratory burst.
