Thompson 3

Question 0

Which complexes helps establish proton gradient necessary for ETC?

Answer 0

Complex 1, 3, 4.

Question 1

What is the order of complexes/cytochromes in ETC?

Answer 1

Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase) with FMN
Complex 2 (Succinate dehydrogenase) with succ to fum
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) 
Complex 3 (cyto bc1) Fe2+ 
Cyt C (Fe2+)
Complex 4 (cyto a a3) Fe2+
Complex 5 makes ATP.

Question 2

Which complex of ETC oxidizes NADH?

Answer 2

Complex 1

Question 3

Which complex of ETC oxidizes FADH2?

Answer 3

complex 2.

Question 4

What does amytal rotenone block?

Answer 4

e transfer from FMN (in complex 1) to coenzyme q (ubiquinone).

Question 5

What does antimycin block?

Answer 5

e transfer from Complex 3( cyto bc1) to cyto C.

Question 6

What does CN-, CO, or sodium azide block?

Answer 6

e transfer from complex 4 (cyto a a3) to O2.

Question 7

What does an uncoupling protein do for ETC?

Answer 7

proton leak, allows H to reenter mito matrix without making ATP, makes heat instead.

Question 8

How do reducing equivalents enter the mitochondria?

Answer 8

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

malate aspartate shuttle

Question 9

In the glycerol phosphate shuttle, reduced ________ goes from cytosol to inner mito membrane, and oxidized ________ goes from inner mito membrane to cytosol.

Answer 9

Glycerol 3 phosphate from cytosol enters inner mito membrane

DHAP from inner mito membrane enters cytosol.

Question 10

In the malate aspartate shuttle, reduced ____ enters the mito matrix, and oxidized _____ enters cytosol from mito matrix.

Answer 10

malate from cytosol to mito matrix

aspartate from mito matrix to cytosol

Question 11

What is the critical difference between glycerol phosphate shuttle and malate aspartate shuttle?

Answer 11

glycerol phosphate shuttle ultimately ends up with FADH2 as the reducing equivalent for ETC.

Question 12

O2 is a biradical that can turn into (ROS) ___, ___ or ___ causing cell damage.

Answer 12

OH-, O2-, H2O2.

Question 13

Vitamin ___ can reduce ROS with antioxidant activity.

Answer 13

E.

Question 14

H2O2 to 2H2O via _________.

Answer 14

Glutathione peroxidase.

2 (G-SH) to G-S-S-G (reduced to oxidized).

Question 15

What rereduces G-S-S-G back to G-SH so that it can help prevent H2O2 damage?

Answer 15

Glutathione reductase. requires NADPH

Question 16

The pentose phosphate pathway turns G6P to NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate, the latter used in _______.

Answer 16

nucleotide synthesis

Question 17

What is NADPH used for?

Answer 17

FA biosynthesis, detoxification of drugs by monooxygenases, and reducing glutathione.

Question 18

In the oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway, G6P is irreversibly oxidized to

Answer 18

Ribulose 5 Phosphate.

Question 19

In the nonoxidative stage of PPP, ribulose 5 phosphate turns into _____, which provides sugar for nucleotide synthesis.

Answer 19

Ribose 5 phosphate.

Question 20

T or F. Organs that produce steroids and FAs have PPP activity.

Answer 20

True.

Question 21

Name some organs that use PPP.

Answer 21

Adrenals, Testes, Ovaries: steroids
Liver, adipose, mammary glands : FA
RBCs: maintain reduced glutathione

Question 22

What are some processes that require NADPH?

Answer 22

Glutathione reduction
cytochrome p450 monooxygenases
FA synthesis/elongation, 
cholesterol synthesis
neurotransmitter synthesis
nucleotide synthesis

Question 23

In bacteria, NADPH oxidase turns O2 into O2-, which is known as a _______ _______.

Answer 23

respiratory burst.

Question 24

NADPH is necessary to remove NO from arginine. NO does what?

Answer 24

relax smooth muscles
prevents platelet aggregation
functions as neurotransmitter in brain
mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal activity in macrophages.

Question 25

In PPP, G6P –> _________. What enzyme?

Answer 25

6 phosphogluconate. Enzyme G6P dehydrogenase (creates NADPH).

Question 26

6 Phosphogluconate –> ______. what enzyme.

Answer 26

ribulose 5 phosphate. Enzyme 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.

Question 27

Ribulose 5 phosphate –> ribose 5 phosphate. what enzyme.

Answer 27

Isomerase

Question 28

3 Ribose 5 phosphates turn into _________ and ________ via PPP.

Answer 28

2 fructose 6 phosphate, 1G3P.

Question 29

Transketolase transfers _____ carbons. Uses ____ as cofactor.

Answer 29

2 carbons, TPP cofactor. Also needs ATP.

Question 30

Transaldolases transfer ____ carbons.

Answer 30

3

Question 31

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency inhibits production of ________, resulting in RBC ______.

Answer 31

6 phosphogluconalactone and NADPH, hemolysis.

Question 32

What can cause oxidant stress?

Answer 32

Drugs, infections, FAVA BEANS

Question 33

In glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, RBC can have clumps of denatured protein adhered to plasma membrane, known as _________

Answer 33

Heinz bodies.