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Biochemistry - Victor > Dai 1 > Flashcards

Dai 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Nonpolar amino acids. List.

A

On an Isolated Tryp to Alabama, Valerie and Lucy Met michael Phelps. glycine proline.

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1
Q

Charged polar amino acids. List.

A

His Asp Lys in Glu, Arg!

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2
Q

Uncharged polar amino acids.

A

Ser Thr Tyr Asn Gln Cys

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3
Q

Nonessential amino acids, from glucose.

A

Alanine, Aspartate, Asparagine, Arginine
Glycine Glutamate, Glutamine,
Serine Proline (sugary prose-r)

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4
Q

Essential aa in diet.

A

PVT TIM HALL

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5
Q

Nonessential aa, from essential.

A

Tyr (from Phe)

Cys (from Met)

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6
Q

What has a biological value of 100?

A

Egg, as all essential aa.

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7
Q

90% of N excreted in _____ form.

A

Urea.

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8
Q

T or F. Like carbs and lipids, Nitrogen is stored in our bodies.

A

F. AA meets our biosynthetic needs, rest metabolized.

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9
Q

T or F. Positive N balance is needed for growth, lactation, recovery from emaciating illness.

A

True.

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10
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

normal calories but inadequate protein uptake. defective growth and muscle wasting. labs show low plasma protein

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11
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

osmotic pressure that proteins have in blood plasma, puts water in circulatory system.

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12
Q

Digestion of protein is divided into 3 stages. Name the stages, and some enzymes found in each stage.

A

Gastric: pepsin and HCL (stomach acid)
Pancreatic: trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase
Intestinal: aminopeptidases.

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13
Q

Pepsin have specific cleavage activity for the ____ and _____ amino acids.

A

aromatic and acidic.

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14
Q

Trypsin cleaves the ____ amino acids.

A

basic.

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15
Q

Chyotrypsin cleaves the _____ and _____ amino acids.

A

aromatic, and hydrophobic.

16
Q

Elastase cleaves the _____ aa.

A

small. ala, gly, ser

17
Q

What are zymogens?

A

inactive enzyme precursors.

18
Q

T or F. Since concentration of aa in lumen is low, aa enters epithelial cells via active transport and NA-aa symport activity.

A

True.

19
Q

T or F. The basolateral membrane is impermeable to large polar amino acids and can’t passively diffuse.

A

F, basolateral leaky.

20
Q

What is cystinuria.

A

defective aa transporter. failure to reabsorb cystine into kidney, leads to kidney, urinary tract, and bladder stones,

21
Q

What is Hartnup disease?

A

Failure of aa transporter in renal, intestine. results in excretion of neutral aa like trypto into urine. leads to rash headache psych probs. treated by trypto diets. niacin.

22
Q

-uria means

A

elevated in urine

23
Q

-emia means

A

elevated in blood

24
Q

In N disposal, alpha amino groups are collected in glutamate via _________, released as NH4 via __________ and converted to urea by ________.

A

transamination of a ketoglutarate.
oxidative deamination by NAD
Urea cycle.

25
Q

The following amino acids can lose amino group via transamination. What do each become after transamination?
alanine
aspartate
glutamate

A

alanine to pyruvate
aspartate to OAA
glutamate to a ketoglutarate

26
Q

What is the cofactor of aminotransferases?

A

PLP, pyridoxal phosphate, derivative of vit B6

27
Q

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Asp aminotransferases (AST) levels in plasma is a monitor for ____

A

liver damage.

28
Q

oxidative deamination of glutamate is by what enzyme?

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase.

29
Q

How is oxidative deamination regulated?

A

High NAD activates glutamate dehydrogenase (energy deficiency)
GTP allosteric inhibts glu dehydrogenase
ADP allosteric activate glu dehdyrogenase.

30
Q

Why is high ammonia toxic?

A

high NH4, reverses oxidative deamination, lose ATP, energy, depletes a ketoglutarate. CNS defects (glutamate neurotransmitter)

31
Q

What are the urea cycle steps in mitochondria

A

NH3-CO2 to carbomoyl phosphate via carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (requires 2 ATP)
L ornithine to L citrulline via ornitihine transcarbamoylase (requires carbamoy phosphate).

32
Q

Citrulline + aspartate –> arginosuccinate via

A

arginosuccinate synthetase (requires ATP).

33
Q

Arginosuccinate –> Arginine and fumarate –> L ornithine + Urea

A

arginosuccinate lyase.

arginase

34
Q

What are the 2 sources of N in the Urea cycle.

A

ammonia, aspartate.

35
Q

What is the rate limiting step in urea cycle?

A

CPS1 carbamoyl phosphate production

36
Q

what is a mandatory allosteric cofactor of cps1

A

Nag n acetyl glu

37
Q

Deficiency in urea cycle is usually a deficiency in enzyme ______ but can sometimes be deficiency in enzyme_______.

A

OTC.

CPS1/NAGsynthase.

38
Q

OTC deficiency leads to builup of _____, which can feed into CPS2 to become ______

A

Carbamoyl P, orotic acid/uracil

Biochemistry - Victor (17 decks)

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