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Third Wave Flashcards

0
Q

Measure of heat released or absorbed

A

Enthalpy

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1
Q

Measure of Randomness

A

Entropy

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2
Q

Free energy change under standard conditions (reactants and productsat 1 mol/L)

A

Standard free energy charge

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3
Q

Spontaneous: Yes

A

Negative Enthalpy

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4
Q

Spontaneous: Always

A

Positive & Negative Entropy

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5
Q

Spontaneous: No

A

Positive enthalpy

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6
Q

Maybe spontaneous but only at HIGH temp

A

Positive Entropy & Enthalpy

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7
Q

Maybe spontaneous but only at LOW temp

A

Negative Entropy & Enthalpy

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8
Q

Energy balance: endergonic reaction. Conserve heat.

A

Positive

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9
Q

Energy balance: spontaneous reaction

A

Negative

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10
Q

Energy balance: exothermic reaction

A

Not enough info

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11
Q

Energy balance: energy product is less than the energy reactants

A

Negative

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12
Q

a-D-fructose and B-D-fructose

A

Anomer

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13
Q

Galactose & Mannose

A

Isomer

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14
Q

Glucose & Mannose

A

Epimers

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15
Q

D-Galactose and L-Galactose

A

Enantiomers

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16
Q

Glycogen, Starch & Cellulose are examples of

A

Polysaccharide

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17
Q

Mannose, Glucose, Fructose & Galactose are examples of

A

Monosaccharide

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18
Q

Maltose, Sucrose & Lactose are examples of

A

Disaccharide

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19
Q

GLUT transporters: absorption of fructose in small intestine by facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT 5

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20
Q

GLUT transporters: Liver, Pancreas & Basement membrane

A

GLUT 2

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21
Q

GLUT transporters: 2° active forms

A

SGLT 1

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22
Q

GLUT transporters: Brain & RBC

A

GLUT 1

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23
Q

GLUT transporters: Adipose, Skeletal, Cardiac muscle, Kidney & Placenta

A

GLUT 3

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24
GLUT transporters: requires insulin
GLUT 4
25
ATPs produced from anaerobic glycolysis
Gross 4, Net 2
26
ATPs produced from aerobic glycolysis
6 or 8
27
ATPs produced from complete oxidation of glucose
36 or 38
28
ATPs produced from complete oxidation of palmitate
129
29
Conversion of glucose to 2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate
Glycolysis
30
Production of glucose from precursors such as lactate, glycerol, glucogenic AAs, intermediates of glycolysis and TCA cycle
Gluconeogenesis
31
Synthesis of storage form of CHO from UDP-glucose
Glycogenesis
32
Retrieval of glucose from its storage form
Glycogenolysis
33
Produces NADPH, ribose 5P and provide a mechanism for metabolic use of 5C sugars
PPP/HMP shunt
34
Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of CHO, CHON & Lipids
TCA
35
Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 each donate a pair of electrons to a specialized set of electron carriers
ETC
36
Location of Pathways: Glycolysis
All cells. Cytosol.
37
Location of Pathways: Glycogen synthesis
Liver & Muscle. Cytosol.
38
Location of Pathways: Gluconeogenesis
Liver & Kidney. Cytoplasm & Mitochondria.
39
Location of Pathways: Ketogenesis
Liver
40
Location of Pathways: ETC
All cells with Mitochondria and sufficient O2. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane.
41
Location of Pathways: HMP shunt
Liver, adipose, adrenal cortex, thyroid, rbc, testes & lactating mammary gland. Cytoplasm.
42
Location of Pathways: Fatty Acid Oxidation
Liver. Mitochondria/Peroxisome.
43
Location of Pathways: Glycogen Degradation by acid maltase
Lysosome
44
Transport of cytosolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in muscle and brain.
Glycerophosphate
45
Transport of cytosolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in liver, kidney and heart.
Malate-Aspartate
46
Transport of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA into the cytoplasm to produce a 16-carbon fatty acid
Citrate
47
Transport of cytosolic palmitoyl-CoA into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.
Carnitine
48
Rate Limiting Steps: Glycolysis
PFK-1
49
Rate Limiting Steps: Gluconeogenesis
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate
50
Rate Limiting Steps: Glycogenesis
Glycogen Synthase
51
Rate Limiting Steps: Glycogenolysis
Glycogen Phosphorylase
52
Rate Limiting Steps: HMP shunt
G6PD
53
Rate Limiting Steps: Lipogenesis
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
54
Rate Limiting Steps: Lipolysis
Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I
55
Rate Limiting Steps: Ketogenesis
HmG CoA Synthase
56
Rate Limiting Steps: Cholesterol synthesis
HMG CoA Reductase
57
Rate Limiting Steps: Bile acid synthesis
Cholesterol 7-a Hydroxylase
58
Rate Limiting Steps: Steroid hormone synthesis
Desmolase
59
Rate Limiting Steps: Urea Cycle
Carbamoyl Phosphate Sythetase I
60
Rate Limiting Steps: Pyrimidine Synthesis
Carbamoyl Phosphate Sythetase II
61
For metabolism of Glucose
Glycolysis
62
Location of Glycolysis
All cells. Cytoplasm.
63
Reactants of Glycolysis
Glucose
64
End product of Glycolysis
Pyruvate & Lactate
65
Rate Limiting Step of Glycolysis
Fructose 1-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
66
Irreversible reactions of Glycolysis
G to G6P, F6P to F1,6BP and Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate
67
Other products of Glycolysis
Water & NADH
68
Location of Hexokinase
All cells
69
Location of Glucokinase
Liver
70
For phosphorylation of Glucose and other Hexoses
Glucokinase & Hexokinase
71
Decrease Km & Vmax
Hexokinase
72
Increase Km & Vmax
Glucokinase
73
Fate of Pyruvate and Enzymes used in reactions: Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
74
Fate of Pyruvate and Enzymes used in reactions: Lactate
Lactate Dehydrogenase
75
Fate of Pyruvate and Enzymes used in reactions: Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate Carboxylase
76
Fate of Pyruvate and Enzymes used in reactions: Ethanol
Pyruvate Decarboxylase
77
Generates NADH & FADH2 for ATP production, building blocks of AA and gluconeogenesis
Citric Acid Cycle
78
Location of Citric Acid Cycle
Mitochindrial matrix. All cells.
79
Reactants of Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA
80
Products of Citric Acid Cycl
CO2, NADH & FADH2
81
Rate Limiting Step in Citric Acid Cycle
Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate via isocitrate dehydrogenase

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