First Wave Flashcards by Adams Bruce Al-os

Any substance that resists a change in pH when protons are produced or consumed

Buffer

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Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

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Chemical compound that has a total net charge of zero

Zwitterion

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pH at which the zwiterrion is the predominant form of a chemical compound

Isoelectric pH

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Property of water that enables it to act as an acid or base

Amphoteric

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Movement of water to a semipermeable membrane

Osmosis

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Uses carrier

Facilitated diffusion

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Transport down the concentration gradient. Higher concentration to lower concentration.

Passive transport

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Uses energy in transport

Active transport

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Transport an ion along with a molecule

Co-transport

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Bond between two amino acids. Carboxyl to amino group.

Peptide bond

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Bond between two connecting monosaccharide forming a disaccharide

Glycosidic bond

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Primary bond of glucosyl residues in glycogen

a(1-4)glycosidic bond

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Branching bond of glucosyl residues in glycogen

a(1-6)glycosidic bond

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Bond between nucleotide base pairs

Hydrogen bond

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Bond between nucleotides on a DNA strand

Phosphodiester bond

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Bond between ribose and adenine in adenosine triphosphate

B-N glycosidic bond

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Bond between a water molecule and another polar compound

Hydrogen bond

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Bond between two cysteine residues in cystine

Disulfide bond

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Bond between glycerol and its fatty acids

Ester bond

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His equation is used to calculate the concentration of a weak acid and its conjugate base

Henderson Hasselbach Equation

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Henderson Hasselbach Equation

pH=pKa+log[A-]/[HA]

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Accepts H+ ions

Base

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Donates protons

Acid

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pKa below 7

Acid

pKa above 7

Base

Donates few of its protons

Weak acid

Donates almost all of its protons

Strong acid

Glycogen, sorbitol & galacticol are examples of

Carbohydrates

Collagen, insulin, hgb and mgb are examples of

Protein

cAMP, inosine monophosphate, OMO, cGMP, ADP & ATP are examples of

Nucleic acids

Vitamin ADEK & Palmitate are examples of

Lipid

Retinol is for

Gonads

Retinal is for

Eyes

State of breaking down complex molecules

Catabolism

State of building complex molecules from simpler ones

Anabolism

Main currency of energy in the body

ATP

Loss of electrons

Oxidation

Gain of electrons

Reduction

Acidic AAs

Aspartate & Glutamate

Basic AAs

Histidine, Arginine & Lysine

AAs which causes collagen kinks

Proline

Component of hgb and mgb which plays a role in O2 binding

Histidine

Important AA that is involve in SAM

Methionine

Used to diagnose FA deficiency

Histidine

Essential AAs

PVT TIM HALL

AA used in hgb synthesis

Glycine

Precursor of Niacin

Tryptophan

Precursor of NO

Arginine

Precursor of Melanin

Tyrosine

Precursor of Serotonin

Tryptophan

Precursor of Catecholamines

Tyrosine

Precursor of Melatonin

Tryptophan

Precursor of GABA

Glutamate

Precursor of Histamine

Histidine

Precursor of Thyroid hormones

Tyrosine

Precursor of Tyrosine

Phenylalanine

Precursor of Glutathione

Glutamate

Beta pleated sheet

Secondary

More than one polypeptide is linked together

Quarternary

Globular or Fibrous

Tertiary

Edman's reagent is used to determine this structure

Primary

Domains

Tertiary

Heme containing

Hgb & Mgb

Level of structure of Hgb

Quarternary

Level of structure of Mgb

Tertiary

Where is myoglobin most abundant

Tissues

Number of O2 bound to Hgb

Four

Number of O2 bound to Mgb

One

Most abundant form of Hgb in adults

Hgb A

Used to determine levels of glucose by non-enzymatic addition of glucose to hgb

Hba 1c

Oxidation of heme component of Hgb to iron which cannot bind O2

Methemoglobin

Form of Hgb where CO binds tightly but reversibly

Carboxyhemoglobin

Tetramer consisting of two alpha and gamma chains

Fetal hgb

Gamma-tetramers in the newborns

Hgb Bart's

Basic collagen structure

Gly-X-Y

X in Gly-X-Y

Proline

Y in Gly-X-Y

Hydroxyproline

Type of Collagen for Reticulin (Granulation tissue)

Type of Collagen for Bone, Tendon & Fascia

Type of Collagen for Cartilage

Type of Collagen for Basement Membrane

Amount of energy needed for the reaction to go forward

Energy of Activation

Increase the speed of the reaction by lowering the energy of activation

Catalyst

Protein catalyst

Enzyme

Converts one isomer to the other

Isomerase

Converts one epimer to the other

Epimerase

Adds carboxyl group to a molecule

Carboxylase

Catalyze reaction by adding or removing ATP

Kinase

Removes H+

Dehydrogenase

Enzymes with different AA composition but catalyzes the same reaction

Isoenzyme

Enzyme that requires a cofactor to be active

Holoenzyme

Protein part of holoenzyme

Apoenzyme

Vitamin or mineral needed by an enzyme to be active

Cofactor

Type of cofactor which is permanently complexed

Prosthetic group