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Biochem reviewer > Fourth Wave > Flashcards

Fourth Wave Flashcards

0
Q

Products of TCA: a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

NADH & CO2

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1
Q

Products of TCA: Succinate thiokinase

A

GTP

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2
Q

Products of TCA: Malate dehydrogenase

A

NADH

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3
Q

Products of TCA: Aconitase

A

None

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4
Q

Products of TCA: Succinate Dehydrogenase

A

FADH2

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5
Q

ETC System: entry point for NADH

A

Complex I

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6
Q

ETC System: Generation of proton gradient

A

Complex I, III & IV

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7
Q

ETC System: Entry point of FADH2

A

Complex II

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8
Q

ETC System: ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation

A

Complex V

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9
Q

Inhibitors/Uncouplers of ETC: Uncoupler

A

Aspirin

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10
Q

Inhibitors/Uncouplers of ETC: Complex I inhibitor

A

Amytal

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11
Q

Inhibitors/Uncouplers of ETC: Direct inhibitor of Complex V & ATP synthesis

A

Oligomycin

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12
Q

Inhibitors/Uncouplers of ETC: Complex IV inhibitor

A

Carbon Monoxide

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13
Q

Inhibitors/Uncouplers of ETC: Complex III inhibitor

A

Dimercaprol

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14
Q

Generates new glucose molecules

A

Gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

Location of Gluconeogenesis

A

Cytoplasm. Liver (90%) and Kidney (10%) ONLY.

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16
Q

Reactants of Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Rate Limiting Step of Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 phosphate to Fructose 6 phosphate

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18
Q

Rate limiting enzyme for Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase

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19
Q

Glycogen Metabolism: creates a(1-4) linkages and elongates the glycogen chains

A

Glycogen synthase

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20
Q

Glycogen Metabolism: Transfers 5 to 8 glucosyl residues and creates a(1-6) linkages

A

Branching enzyme

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21
Q

Generates new glycogen molecules

A

Glycogenesis

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22
Q

Location of Glycogenesis

A

Cytoplasm. Liver & Muscle only.

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23
Q

Reactants of Glycogenesis

A

UDP glucose

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24
Q

Products of Glycogenesis

A

Glycogen

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25
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycogenesis

A

Elongation of glycogen (formation of a (1-4) glycosidic bonds)

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26
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Glycogenesis

A

Glycogen Synthase

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27
Q

Breaks down glycogen to form new glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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28
Q

Location of Glycogenolysis

A

Cytoplasm. Liver & Muscle.

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29
Q

Reactants of Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen

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30
Q

Products of Glycogenolysis

A

Glucose-1-phosphate and free glucose

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31
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

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32
Q

Type of Metabolism: Glycogenolysis

A

Catabolic

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33
Q

Type of Metabolism: Glycogenesis

A

Anabolic

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34
Q

Rate Limiting Enzyme for Glycogenesis

A

Glycogen Synthase

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35
Q

Rate Limiting Enzyme for Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

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36
Q

Stimulating hormone for Glycogenesis

A

Insulin

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37
Q

Stimulating hormone for Glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon & Epi

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38
Q

Generates NADPH & R5P

A

PPP

39
Q

Location of PPP

A

Cytoplasm. Liver, RBC, Lactating mammaries and Adrenals.

40
Q

Reactants of PPP

A

G-6-P

41
Q

Products of PPP

A

NADPH & R5P

42
Q

Rate limiting step of PPP

A

G6P to 6-Phosphogluconate

43
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of PPP

A

G6P Dehydrogenase

44
Q

Pyruvate to Lactate

A

NADH

45
Q

Acetyl CoA to Palmitate

A

NADPH

46
Q

Succinate to Fumarate and Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

A

FAD

47
Q

Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate and Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

A

NAD

48
Q

Flatulence, cramps and diarrhea after ingestion of dairy products.

A

Lactose Intolerance

49
Q

Severe fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly and elevated glycogen in liver

A

Von Gierke Dse

50
Q

Cardiomegaly and heart failure from impaired glycogen metabolism

A

Pompe Dse

51
Q

Hepatomegaly, milder form of VGD

A

Cori dse

52
Q

Leads to hemolytic anemia due to poor RBC defense against oxidizing agents

A

G6PD Deficiency

53
Q

Recurrent pyogenic infections due to impairment of respiratory burst of neutrophils and monocytes

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

54
Q

Cataracts within a few days of birth, vomiting and diarrhea after milk ingestion, lethargy, hypotonia & MR

A

Classic Galactosemia

55
Q

Galactosemia, Galactosuria and cataracts in early childhood

A

Galactokinase deficiency

56
Q

Benign Fructosuria

A

Fructokinase deficiency

57
Q

Fructosuria, severe hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, liver damage and jaundice

A

Fructose intolerance

58
Q

Long chain of carboxylic acid with no double bond

A

Saturated FA

59
Q

Long chain of carboxylic acid with one double bond

A

Monounsaturated FA

60
Q

Long chain of carboxylic acid with two or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated FA

61
Q

Fatty acids associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis

A

Trans And Saturated FAs

62
Q

Essential FAs

A

Linoleic & Linolenic

63
Q

Immediate precursor of Prostaglandins

A

Arachidonic Acid

64
Q

End product of FA synthesis

A

Palmitic acid

65
Q

Two primary bile acids

A

Colic & Chenodeoxycolic

66
Q

Two molecules conjugated to bile acids to convert them to bile salts

A

Taurine & Glycine

67
Q

Two secondary bile acids

A

Deoxycolic and Lithocolic

68
Q

Clinical manifestations of lipid malabsorption

A

Lipoproteins

69
Q

Protein moiety of lipoproteins

A

Apoproteins

70
Q

Transport dietary triglyceride and cholesterol from intestine to tissues

A

Chylomicron

71
Q

Spherical macromolecular complexes composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a shell of amphipathic lipoproteins, phospholipid and nonesterified cholesterol

A

Lipoproteins

72
Q

Transports triglyceride from liver to tissues

A

VLDL

73
Q

Delivers cholesterol into cells

A

LDL

74
Q

Mediates chylomicron secretion

A

Apo B48

75
Q

Activates lipoprotein lipase

A

Apo C-II

76
Q

Mediates uptake of chylomicron remnants

A

Apo E

77
Q

Binds to LDL receptor and mediates VLDL secretion

A

Apo B-100

78
Q

Activates LCAT to produce cholesteryl esters in HDL

A

Apo A-1

79
Q

Degradation of TAG stored in adipocytes

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

80
Q

Degradation of dietary TAG in small intestine

A

Pancreatic lipase

81
Q

Degradation of TAG circulating in chylomicrons and TAGs

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

82
Q

Degradation of TAG remaining in IDL

A

Hepatic Lipase

83
Q

Major component of Lung surfactant

A

Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidylcholine

84
Q

Only glycerophospholipid that is antigenic

A

Cardiolipin

85
Q

Reservoir for arachidonic acid in the membranes and precursor for IP3 and DAG

A

Phosphatidyl Inositol

86
Q

Important constituent of myelin

A

Sphingomyelin

87
Q

Generates palmitate

A

Fatty Acid Synthesis

88
Q

Location of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Cytoplasm & Mitochondria in Liver & Lactating mammaries

89
Q

Reactants of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA

90
Q

Rate limiting step of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA

91
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

92
Q

Generates acetyl CoA from the ends of palmitate

A

Beta Oxidation

93
Q

Location of Beta Oxidation

A

Mitochondria, all cells except neurons, RBC, testes & renal medulla

94
Q

Reactants of Beta Oxidation

A

Palmitate

95
Q

Rate limiting step of Beta Oxidation

A

Fatty acyl CoA+carnitine to fatty acyl carnitine + CoA

96
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Beta Oxidation

A

Carnitine Acyltransferase

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