Third lesson Flashcards
Belle Epoque
1875-1914
- US isolationism
- catching on of philosophical and scientific thoeries (nationalism, evolutionism, positivism)
- rise of capitalism, mass consumption and globalization
- new inventions: vaccines, radio, plane, lamp, cinema
- general flourishing in Europe
Episode of Antisemitism
1881-1921: mass riots against jews in Russia and eastern Europe. This favoured mass migration to the US
1894: affaire Dreyfus– a jewish French captain of the army was unfairly found guilty and sentenced to forced labour.
Taylorism and Fordism
Taylorism: late 19th century– forsees the efficiency’s increase by breaking down the manufacturing process into small specialized repetitive tasks.
Fordism: aimed at cheapening the costs of production and increase the output of individual workers. It’s the basis of modern social and labour-economic system to support industrialized mass production and mass consumption
Trade Unions in the US
1886: Colombus: making of the american federation of labour, which is influenced by socialism and anarchism coming from Europe during the first mass migrations
1905 Chicago: making of the industrial workers of the world
1914, Ludlow: law enforcements kill 19 people protesting for lack of miners’ rights
SOCIALISM NEVER TOOK THE UPSWING IN THE US: there has never been feudalism, a nobility nor a king to overthrow– the constitution itself declared since the very beginning that people were equal
Progressive age in the US
Mass movement of peasantry to far west territories seeking wealth
1898: spanish-american war– the US conducted the first modern imperialsit war gaining colonies in the Atlantic ocean (Cuba, Peurto Rico, Antilles) and in the Pacific (Hawaii, Philippines, Guam and the creation of Pearl Harbor)
Colonialism and Imperialism
Manifest destiny: historical mission of the USA to expand their borders, export democracy and freedom to others.
Sonderweg: historical mission of Germany to expand in Europe– has led western countries to liberal parliamentary democracy (?)
First congress of Berlin
1878: first congress of Berlin– Europe’s main six powers met to establish the borders of the Balkan countries as their protectorates as the Ottoman Empire increasingly lost power. Bismark’s main concern= Russia could gain more power
Many Balkan countries sought independence:
- Romania and Serbia (Russia)
- Bosnia-Erzegovina (Austria-Hungary)
- Montenegro and Albania (Italy)
- Bulgaria (Ottoman Empire)
- Greece (Britain and France)
Second congress of Berlin
1884-5
European powers decide how to split Africa and parts of Asia starting from the small territories conquered by the indian companies
Colonialism in Asia
- UK and Russia get to war over Afghanistan
- UK gets India, Bangladesh, conquers Pakistan, gets commerical routes to Afghanistan
- Russia expands in central Asia, gets commercial influence up to Japan (sachalin island) and Manchuria
- France conquers Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and gets commercial routes to Thailand
- UK and Holland fight over South Africa
Difference between Mercantilism and Imperialism
- Mercantilism: european states take control of coastal cities only for commercial purposes and do not get involved into internal affairs
- Imperialism: european countries exploit countries militarly occupied and there they install their form of government and officials
The fall of the chinese empire
1839-1842: first opium war– the British navy forces chinese harbors to open to western market by increasing opium production
1850-1864: taiping rebellion– popular riot against the qing dynasty that was tolerant towards the British trade monopoly
1894-1895: sino-japanese war– China looses Manchuria, Taiwan and Corea
1899-1901: boxer rebellion– popular riot by xenophobe group against western colonial influence, especially Germany’s
1911-1919: end of the chinese empire with the rise of the chinese republic by Sun Yat-Sen
1919: creation of the chinese pro-west nationalist party Kuomintang by Chan Kai-Shek
1949: rise of the people’s republic of China with Mao
The historical left (Italy)
1876: Agostine de Pretis is elected prime minister. the first left government is formed due to the loss of the right’s popularity
- coppino act– mandatory schooling up to 9 years of age
- introduction of protectionism to safeguard italian’s economy along with inputs for the industrialization
- abolition of the corn law
- zanardelli act– enlargement of the male suffrage to 7% population, this allows for socialists to enter the parliament since more people could vote for them
- triple alliance (Austria-Germany-Italy)– Italy needs protection
- italian colonialism– conquest of Eritrea and Somalia
- Banca Romana scandal– it printed more money than it could and for that Giolitti was forced to resign; it was but an excuse– actually no one like his alliance with the extreme left. A period for Italy starts in which the left is tried to be eradicated (suppression of rebellions
Transformism
The italian immigration to the US
1880-924: about 4 million italians migrated there. Only the better educated people were able to leave Italy depriving the country of good potential efforts. However those in the US used to send money back to the families indirectly helping the italian economy
Catholic Churchßs entrance into modern politics
1891: publication of the encyclical rerum noverum by Leo XIII in contrast with the non expedit of Pius IX. The Church opens the doors to modern ideologies yet with key points: legitimacy of private property and refusal of class struggle (critic both to socialism and capitalism)
