Ninth Lesson

Question 1

New political parties in Italy

Answer 1

• Verdi
• PD della sinistra (ex PCI)
• Lega Nord
• Socialisti italiani (ex PSI)
• Forza Italia

Question 2

Silvio Berlusconi

Answer 2

1960s: working as a real estate contractor
- making of milano 2
- purchase of canale 5
- fininvest company controlling Mediaset, Mediolanum and Mondadori
Foundation of the newspaper “Il giornale”
- purchase of rete 4
- purchase of AC Milan
- purchase of the department store chain la strada and the periodicals Panorama and Epoca
1994: foundation of Forza Italia

Question 3

Genocide in Rwanda

Answer 3

1994: rwanda government, connected to the ethinicity of the hutu planned the physical elimination of the tutsi minority. NATO never intervened

Question 4

EU

Answer 4

EU= federation of european states that transfers some powers to an authority higher that than the single state’s.
Need for cooperation and peace after the events of the XX century
Fathers of EU: Degasperi, Schuman, Adenauer and Monnet
- 1949: council of Europe in Strasbourg= connected international law (yet no EU)
1951: ECSC (european coal and steel community) establishing a fair distribution of raw materials among the needy adherent countries
- 1954: France rejects EDC (european defence community)
- 1957: treaty of Rome, birth of EEC (european economic community) with original 6 member; creation of EURATOM and single market
- 1973: UK, Ireland and Denmark
- Spain, Portugal enter after the fall of Franco and Salazar
- 1992: ESTABLISHING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION THROUGH THE MASSTRICHT TREATY– project of single european economy through european monetary institute, a central bank and adoption of the euro
- Schengen treaty: easier trade and travel– free circulation of goods and people

Institutions of EU:
- European council
- European Parliament
- Council of the EU
- European Commission (most important for decision-making)

Question 5

The conflict of Yugoslavia

Answer 5

1991-9
1980: Tito’s death
1991: slovenian war of independence, declaration of croation independence
1991-5: war between croatia and bosnia-Herzegovina
- 1995: NATO and UN intervention with the dayton agreements, definition of the bosnian, croatian and serbian borders. Implementing of the vance plan= military and humanitarian agencies
1999: bombing of Belgrad by NATO

Question 6

9/11

Answer 6

Al Qaeda0 terrorist organization founded in 1979 led by Osama Bin Laden. Four highjacked planes– target= pentagon, the capitol, the world trade sentence

Question 7

War in Afghanistan

Answer 7

Consequence of the 9/11 attack. The US invades Afghanistan with the prospect of destroying Al Qaeda.
From 2001-21; international military coalition led by the US launched an invasion of Afghanistan.
Fall of the taliban-ruled islamic emirate; establishing of the internationally recognized islamic republic three years later.
2021– Taliban offensive that overthrew the islamic republic and restablishment of the islamic emirate
Longest US’s war ever.
Bin Laden was killed after he fled to Pakistan in 2011; NATO after that began planning an exit strategy

Question 8

Iraq War

Answer 8

2003-11
Began with the invasion of Iraq by the US coalition that overthrew the Ba’athist government of Saddam Hussein.
The conflict continued due to insurgency of opposing forces to the coalition and the newly established government.
Withdrawal of troops in 2011.
US got reinvolved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; armed conflict is ongoing.
War was conducted under George Bush’s administration for his war on terror after 9/11.
Hussein was captured during an operation and executed three years later after he was sentenced to death penalty by Baghdad criminal court