Second Lesson Flashcards
National identities: Latin America
After Napoleon invaded Spain: episodes of uprising in the country fomented by the British began to break out.
Same happened in Latin America where Spanish colonies felt the occasion to get rid of Spanish government and declare indipendence thanks to its weakening
Mexico: 1810-1821
Central America: 1823-1841
Venezuela: 1810-1823
Colombia: 1819-1831
Ecuador: 1820-1822
Argentina: 1810-1818
paraguay, 1810-1811
uruguay, 1811-1828
bolivia, 1809-1825
chile, 1810-1826
perù, 1809-1826
Simon Bolivar= key figure in the process of indipendence– forsaw a possible confederation
Spain’s Consitution of 1812
Amended under Napoleon and approved by the restored monarchs
national sovereignity, separation of powers, free press, free enterprise, abolition of feudalism, constitutional monarchy, universal male suffrage
Monroe Doctrine
1823
Exclusivity and hegemony of US cultural, political and economic influence over the whole of the American continent
Greece
1821-1829: gains independence with the help of Britain and France. The sentiment that drove such support regarded the fact of Greece being the place where Western culture was first created
Belgium
1830: gains independence from Holland with the help of France and Britain. It promulgates the most up-to-date constitution; becomes a constituional monarchy
German Custom Union
1834: Zollverein “German Customs Union” between Prussia, Hesse-Kassel, Bavaria, Saxony, Hannover and Wuerttemberg
Constitued during the industrial revolution in order to have better circulation of goods.
Firstly also Austria was in– things changed after the increase conflictuality between Austria and Prussia
France july revolution
1830: july revolution “the three glorious days”: Charles X is destitued and replaced with Luois D’Orleans, closer to liberal ideas of the parliament– under whom there’s the so called “Bourgeoisie monarchy”
By this revolution a new legitimacy ideal was established: no longer by hereditary right but by popular sovereignty
Poland
1830-1: tries to gain indipendence from the Russian empire but fails and the situation worsened– Russians revoked their privilage of semi-autonomous constitution
United States (1812-89)
1812: naval victory against UK during the Napoleonic Wars
1817-18: first apalachin war
1835-42: second apalachin war
1855-58: third apalachin war
1830: indian removal pact– deportation of native americans from east to west of the apalachin mountains
1846-48: mexican-american war; US gains territories in the south
1898: US fights against Spain and gains Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines as protectorates
Carbonari and Decabrism
1820: Carboneria is formed in southern Italy in Naples– people ask for the Cadice Constitution to be applied there too; the movement quickly after suppresed
Same happens in the north against Austria’s suppression
1825: failed anti-zarist revolt in Russia– wanted to create an economically liberal Russia, free from the tsarist absolutism, censorship and police-state
1831, Genua: Mazzini forms the Young Italy movement based upon democratic and revolutionary nationalism
Revolutions of 1848 and independence wars (Italy)
Replacement of the old order (feudal in Prussia and Austria; and asbolutist monarchy) with liberal governments with liberal constitutions: equality before the law, freedom of speech, religion, press and abolition of feudalism
- Sicily-Naples: ferdinand II provides for a constitution
- Tuscany: leopold II provides for a constitution
- Turin: Charles Albert provides for a constitution =(STATO ALBERTINO)
- Venice: as Austria was busy with revolts in Vienna, Venice declared its indipendence
- Milan: five days of Milan– the population manages to send Radetzky away and build a provisory government
FIRST ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE WAR
Charles Albert, under the aristocracy’s advise, declares war on Austria– while Albert’s victories swept in nothern Italy at first, the war ended with the victory of Austria due to internal conflicts
SECOND ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE WAR
1859: the kingdom of Sardinia allies with France– Tuscany, Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna are enthusiastic of the success vote to be annexed to Piedmont. France stops the war as the papacy was at risk
EXPEDITION OF THE THOUSAND
Giuseppe Garibaldi, the hero of the two worlds, disembarks in Sicily in 1860. With the help of the lower classes he conquers the kingdom of the two Sicilies and Naples surrenders. He goes up to north and conquers the Papal State except for Lazio
CREATION OF THE KINGDOM OF ITALY
THIRD ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE WAR
1866: Italy conquers Veneto against Austria during the austro-prussian war. Bismark allied with Italy in order to eliminate Austria’s influence from the respective territories
1870: Breach of Porta Pia during which Italy conquers Rome against the pope
POSSIBLE FOURTH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (?)
1815-1918: Italy conquers Trento, Friuli Venezia Giulia and Istria against Austria– it is more the repaiment gained by Italy from its efforts during WW1
1848 revolutions in other states
- France: abdication of Luois Philippe d’Orleans after the february revolution and making of the second republic
- Prussia: Frederick William IV provides for a constitution and the universal male suffrage and making of the national assembly
- Hungary: against the austrian empire for the independence of Hungary; after one year of freedom Hungary is defeated
- America astor place riot:
Modern Warfare/ Crimean War
Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and the kingdom of Saridinia delceare war altogether to Russia after it occupied Crimea for an access to the Black Sea.
Italy took part only to make a name and get the lombardo-veneto.
It was the first war in which iron battleships were implemented, the first trench warfare, more precision, range and firepower
American Civil War
1861-5
Fought for the abolition of african-american slavery between the unionists (northern states, industry based economy, protectionism) and confederates (southern states, agricolture based economy, sustained by world commerce).
Unionists won– 13th amendment by Lincoln= slavery abolition
Military innovations: machinguns, trains, telegraphs for army communication and automatic weapons
Japan’s national identity
1856-1860: second opium war. The US navy forced to isolationist Japan to open trade of routes with the West
1866-1869: meiji restoration= westernization of Japan’s politics, society and economics– beginning of the industrialization process
1894-1895: first sino-japanese war. Japan conquers the protectorates of Manchuria, Corea and Taiwan
1904-1905: russo-japanese war. First ever victory of an eastern power over a western one. Japan takes control of southern sachalin island
