Fourth lesson Flashcards
US’s 14 points
1917: US enters the war alongside the Entente
1918: Woodrow Wilson writes the 14 points
Point 5: self-determination of the people
Point 6: evacuation of all russian territory and a warm welcoming of it in the Society of Free Nations
Point 8: all French territory shall be restored, even Alsace-Lorraine that have unsettled peace in Europe for nearly 50 years
Point 14: a GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF NATIONS should be formed to gain mutual guarantees of independence and territorial integrity
League of Nations
June 1919: first example of european union and cooperation for the maintainence of peace, order and liberalism in Europe (no US, URSS and Turkey)– main members: UK, Germany, Italy, Austria and France
The peace treaties
November 1918: Germany and Austria surrendered
January 1919: Versailles Treaty (Russia cannot participate)– Germany looses many territories, shall pay indemnities of more than 100 billion marks, shall reduce its army, and must give raw materials from the Rhine zone to France
Austria: resizing of its territory, official fall of the Austro-Hungarian empire by the principle of self-determination
1919-1920: treaties for the resinzing of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire which sign its fall and its making of a new country by Kemail Ataturk
Italy and the mutilated victory
Terminology invented by Gabriele d’Annunzio to identify the French and British violation of the treaty of London (april)– Italy was denied Istria and Dalmatia.
September 1919-december 1920 the poet together with irredentist volunteers militarly occupied the city of Fiume and declared it to be italian.
Treaty of Rapallo 1920: the city remains independent
The Spanish influenza
1918-1920
Spanish– because spanish newpapers were the first ones to talk about the dangerouness of this desease: 20 million dead
Russian civil war
1918: creation of the Soviet Republic
1918-1921: russian civil war between the white army (tsarists) and the Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks win the war and apply war communism, elimination of the currency, abolition of the trade, nationlization of every mean of enrichment
The NEP
1921-27: scarse success of war communism and nationalization– step back by allowing a little of liberal economy– reduce taxation, allows small private businesses and private initiative
Socialism in Europe
- 1919, Germany: Spartachism= socialist movement that attempted to take power– Weimar Republik created Freikorps= anti-communists volunteers fighting for the Republik
1920: collapse of the austrian empire and coming of social democracy from 1919-1934 (= Red Vienna)– income and luxury taxes were introduced, so was free medical healthcare and a vast program of construction for housing units - 1919, Hungary: established a soviet republic which lasted only few months– fear of socialism in Europe brought France and Britain to the backing up of the Romanian army to invade and depose Béla Kun– in his place a provvisional regency of terror was established
- 1919-20: two red years– discontent among workers and farmers brought to the occupation of factories requesting more rights and better conditions. Very short-lasting governments until Giolitti succeeded in settling an agreement
Italy: rise of new parties (first post-war)
- Italian people’s party (1919) by Don Luigi Sturzo (democrazia cristiana); presented itself as a third alternative
- Fasci di Combattimento (1919), will later become in 1921 PNF; appealed to both businessmen and peasantry; nationalism, revolutionary syndacalism and squadrism
- CPI (1921), communist Party by Gramsci born after the split in the Socialist Party (PSI) of Turatti
- Liberal italian party (1922) of Giolitti and Orlandi
Fascism as a movement (and Mussolini)
1919– composed of legionars, irredentists, ariditi, monarchists, futurists and nationalists. They were for the restoration of order in Italy
Mussolini= director of the movement– was director of the newspaper Avanti and was expelled from the PSI for his interventionist position
History of Fascism
1919: fights between socialists and squadrists (destruction of the newspaper Avanti)
1921: creation of Fascism as a national party– became popular due to the failure of the liberals and the fear of socialism
1922: after creating coalition with nationalists and liberals Mussolini organized the March on Rome– Emanuele II did not declare the state of siege like he was suggested and instead gives the office to Mussolini who creates a new government.
Mussolini gained power not by democratic institutions but rather with a putsch
November 1922: settlement of the fascist government
Reform of the fascist government (from 1922 to 1925; no fascistissime laws)
1923
- Education: by the philospher Giovanni Gentile– public school mandatory up to 13 years and creation of high school
- Welfare state: creation of the istituto nazionale fascista della previdenza sociale (future inps)
- Acerbo law: majoritarian system– to the party which reaches 25% recieves as bonus 65% of the total seats in the Parliament
1924
- June: assassination of socialist representative Matteotti in response to his complaints about electoral frauds by Fascism and his protesting against acerbo law.
1925
- Mussolini’s speech at the Parliament: takes the moral, ethical, historical and political responsability of the Matteotti assassination= CONSTITUTIVE ACT OF THE REGIME
Fascism as a regime
1926-1936
Fight against Mafia with the support of the prefect Cesare Mori and of the US
Drainage of the pontine marshes in Lazio and the foundation of the Littoria town
Fascistissime laws 1926:
- Fascist Party as the only national party
- Fascist government does not respond anymore to the Parliament but only to the king
- establishment of the Gran Consiglio del Fascismo= legislative body substituting the Parliament’s main role
- dismantling of the communist and socialist party; dissolution of the trade unions and prohibition of demonstrations and strikes
- censorship agianst the press and establishmnet of the minister of the popular culture
1925
Welfare State: trying to ensure equality and equity promoting economic and social well-being of the citizens
1926
Arrest and exile of socialist and communist representatives (among them Gramsci); self-exile of Togliatti to Moscow
1927
Repression of the Giustizia e Libertà movement– was preparing terrorist attacks against the government
1929
Lateran Treaty: between Mussolini and Pius XI– vatican city as a free state, Catholicism as state religion and taught in schools, religious marriage recognized as civil, priests will swear fielty to Fascist Party, Catholic Church will remain outside of politics
Definition of Totalitarism
form of institution where the party, the government and the state are the same exact thing. The party invades every aspect of life and it the center of everyone’s daily life.
Main characteristics: cult of the leader, state police, propaganda and censorship
Mass consumption in the USA
Spreading of goods such as the radio, car, blower, fridge, telephone, cinema– they improve ordinary life of people
