thinking and language Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

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2
Q

concepts

A

a verbal or written understanding of abstract thought

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3
Q

prototypes

A

a mental representation of the idealized form of an object or concept (a mental image or best example of a category)

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4
Q

algorithms

A

a methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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5
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that allow people to make fast decisions

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6
Q

when you see a person with their hood up in a dark alley, and you decide to subtly walk faster, this is

A

heuristics

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7
Q

insight

A

when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning (in a cartoon when the character can’t find their way out of a situation, but then a lightbulb lights up above their head)

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8
Q

confirmation bias

A

people’s tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with their existing beliefs

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9
Q

fixation

A

having attachments to people or things that persist from childhood to adulthood

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10
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past

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11
Q

functional fixedness

A

a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it’s traditionally used

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12
Q

convergent thinking

A

a type of thinking that focuses on coming up with the single, well established answer to a problem

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13
Q

divergent thinking

A

thinking outside the box and tendency to involve the free flow of concepts and spontaneous ideas

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14
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

occurs when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it’s to a known situation (stereotype)

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15
Q

thinking that because someone is wearing a suit and tie and carrying a brief case, that they’re a lawyer because they fit the “typical” lawyer category

A

representativeness heuristic

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16
Q

availability heuristic

A

occurs when we judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily we can recall similar events

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17
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to overestimate our knowledge and abilities in a certain area

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18
Q

belief bias

A

a cognitive bias in which a person judges the conclusion of an argument based on their prior knowledge and existing beliefs rather than on the validity or invalidity of the argument itself

19
Q

intuition

A

a hunch or feeling in your gut when something is right or wrong

20
Q

framing

A

distorts our decisions and judgments based on how information is presented or “framed”

21
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in language. They correspond to the sounds associated with the letters of the alphabet

22
Q

these can help us distinguish the difference between “pat”, “bat”, and “hat”

A

phonemes

23
Q

morphemes

A

are the smallest unit of meaning in an language (the word incoming has three morphemes, “in”, “come”, “ing”)

24
Q

grammar

A

the study of rules governing the use of an language

25
Q

semantics

A

the meaning and interpretation of words, signs, and sentence structure

26
Q

syntax

A

the set of rules that describes how words and phrases in a language are arranged into grammatical sentences

27
Q

receptive language

A

the ability to understand and comprehend spoken language that you hear or read (a child’s ability to understand the direction of “putting on the coat”)

28
Q

productive language

A

the ability to communicate in a language with skills like writing and speaking

29
Q

babbling stage

A

children spontaneously utter different sounds

30
Q

holophrastic stage

A

the one word stage is the second major phase in the child’s language acquisition process. It comes after the babbling stage and is characterized by the use of single words

31
Q

telegraphic speech

A

a form of communication consisting of simple two word long sentences

32
Q

overgeneralization

A

a cognitive distortion where a person assumes an experience from one event will apply to other events

33
Q

operant learning

A

occurs when behavior changes as a function of its consequences (positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment)

34
Q

association

A

a brain connection made between various stimuli, such as words, images, sounds, and emotions

35
Q

imitation

A

the process of copying the behavior of another person, group, or object intentionally or unintentionally

36
Q

reinforcement

A

the use of providing something or taking it away to achieve a desired behavior

37
Q

inborn universal grammar

A

all children are born with an innate ability to acquire, develop, and understand language

38
Q

critical period

A

an early stage in life where a child is especially open to specific learning, emotional, or socializing experiences that occur as part of normal development and will not reoccur at a later stage

39
Q

aphasia

A

a language disorder caused by damage in a specific area of the brain that controls language expression and comprehension

40
Q

broca’s area

A

region of the brain that contains neurons involved in speech function

41
Q

wernicke’s area

A

region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech

42
Q

angular gyrus

A

the part of the brain associated with complex language functions (reading, writing)

43
Q

linguistic determinism

A

the theory that differences in languages and their structures determine how people think and interact with the world around them