memory

Question 1

automatic processing

Answer 1

type of processing that does not involve conscious effort or deliberation, happens without choice (what you had for lunch the other day)

Question 2

effortful processing

Answer 2

information is processed only with effort by the person, when we try to remember something (studying)

Question 3

rehearsal

Answer 3

conscious repetition of information, to keep in short term memory or to encode it (flashcards, going over reading guides)

Question 4

spacing effect

Answer 4

rehearsals spread out over time results in more encoding

Question 5

serial position effect

Answer 5

our tendency to remember information that is at the beginning or end of a series, but find it harder to recall information in the middle

Question 6

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 6

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning

Question 7

recency effect

Answer 7

a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first

Question 8

primary effect

Answer 8

the tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end

Question 9

visual encoding

Answer 9

the process of converting images and visual sensory information to memory stored in the brain

Question 10

acoustic encoding

Answer 10

the process of encoding sounds, actual words, and other auditory inout for storage and retrieval

Question 11

semantic encoding

Answer 11

the process of converting sensory input into meaningful, long term memories by associating new information with existing knowledge and experiences

Question 12

imagery

Answer 12

using mental pictures in order to remember

Question 13

mnemonic

Answer 13

memory aids (imagery, song, acronym)

Question 14

chunking

Answer 14

grouping items into meaningful, familiar, frees up space in short term memory

Question 15

long term potentiation

Answer 15

when we think about memories, we strengthen those neural networks, memories not accessed/thought about will disappear

Question 16

flashbulb memory

Answer 16

vivd, clear memories of an emotionally significant moments or events that are processed in the amygdala, which often ties emotion to information

Question 17

retrograde amnesia

Answer 17

the inability to recall past memories due to extreme stress (usually temporary)

Question 18

anterograde amnesia

Answer 18

the inability to form new memories due to damage to the hippocampus (permanent)

Question 19

implicit memory

Answer 19

procedural information containing motor skills, procedures that don’t require active thinking, processed in the cerebellum (you just know how to walk, write, talk)

Question 20

explicit memory

Answer 20

personal experiences, general knowledge, has to be consciously recalled, processed in the hippocampus (stating your address or phone number)

Question 21

recall

Answer 21

retrieving without a cue (essay questions)

Question 22

recognition

Answer 22

retrieving with use of a retrieval (multiple choice test, police line up)

Question 23

relearning effect

Answer 23

it will take less time to learn material that has already been learned, as compared to original learning

Question 24

priming

Answer 24

occurs when a person’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection (when someone see’s the word salt, they think of pepper)

Question 25

déjá vu

Answer 25

a sense that one has experienced a situation before

Question 26

state dependent memory

Answer 26

using your state of consciousness as a retrieval cue (ease of recall based on one’s physical or mental state during the learning period)

Question 27

mood congruent memory

Answer 27

using your mood as a retrieval cue (if you were in a positive mood studying, but took the exam in a negative mood and failed)

Question 28

iconic memory

Answer 28

a brief picture of a scene lasting less than a second

Question 29

echoing memory

Answer 29

a brief memory of sounds just heard, lasting 3-4 seconds

Question 30

selective attention

Answer 30

helps us filter out irrelevant information around us and helps us focus on the things that demand our attention

Question 31

working memory

Answer 31

allows a person to temporarily hold a limited amount of information at the ready for immediate mental use

Question 32

episodic memory

Answer 32

the ability to learn, store, and retrieve information about unique personal experiences that occur in daily life

Question 33

semantic memory

Answer 33

conscious long term memory for meaning, understanding, and conceptual facts about the world

Question 34

procedural memory

Answer 34

a type of long term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills (the memory of how to do things)

Question 35

eidetic memory

Answer 35

the ability to recall an image from memory with high precision after seeing it only once

Question 36

practice interference

Answer 36

previous, old information affects, or interferes with trying to remember new information (you can’t remember your new locker combination because you keep dialing your old one)

Question 37

retroactive interference

Answer 37

recently learned information affects, or interferes with remembering old information

Question 38

constructed memory

Answer 38

the process by which we update our memories in light of new experiences, situations, and challenges / we use a variety of information to fill in gaps, and that the accuracy of our memory through various means can also alter recollection of events