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AP Psych > Perception, sensation, biology > Flashcards

Perception, sensation, biology Flashcards

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1
Q

bottom up processing

A

when sensory receptors pick up on signals for the brain to integrate and process

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2
Q

top down processing

A

how we interpret sensations is influences by our available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

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3
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of how people perceive things in the world around us

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4
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses ( vision - a candle flame 30 miles away)

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5
Q

signal detection theory

A

means to measure what we do when exposed to stimulus

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6
Q

subliminal stimulation

A

messages that are sent to the brain below conscious or processing

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7
Q

priming

A

a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus (talking about climate change with a person might activate tiger thinking about extreme weather)

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8
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum required difference between two stimuli for a person to notice 50% of the time

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9
Q

Weber’s law

A

a person is much more likely to react to a quiet commercial that suddenly doubles in volume than a commercial that only slightly increases in volume

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10
Q

transduction

A

the transformation of something from one form, place, or notion to another (a person smells freshly bakes bred and then can visualize what the bread looks like)

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11
Q

pupil

A

the opening in the eye that allows light to enter

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12
Q

iris

A

the colored part of the eye which regulates the amounts of light entering the eyes through the pupil constriction or dilation

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13
Q

lens

A

the main function is to change the focal distance of the eye to allow focusing on objects at various distances

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14
Q

retina

A

the area in the back of the eye that contains your rods and cones

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15
Q

cornea

A

the transparent, protective outer layer of the eye that bends light waves to assist in proper focus

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16
Q

rods

A

the receptor cells that help with seeing finer details of things and in situations where there is light or daylight / involved with color vision

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17
Q

optic nerve

A

an extension of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spine. It transmits electrical impulses from your eyes to your brain

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18
Q

fovea

A

responsible for sharp central vision, which is necessary for reading, driving, etc

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19
Q

feature detectors

A

individual neurons or groups of neurons in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli

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20
Q

parallel processing

A

the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality

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21
Q

stroop effect

A

delayed processing time because of the parallel processing (conflicts)

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22
Q

outer ear

A

ear, ear canal, ear drum (tympanic membrane)

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23
Q

middle ear

A

ossicles (hamer, anvil, stirrup, bones that vibrate), oval window

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24
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea (basilar membrane, hair cells, auditory nerve) these cells send electrical signals to the brain)

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25
Q

place theory

A

pitch is determined by the part of the basilar membrane that has it’s hairs activated

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26
Q

frequency theory

A

pitch is determined by the frequency of neural impulses

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27
Q

place theory

A

explains how we detect high pitches, frequency low pitches

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28
Q

gate control theory

A

a mechanism in the spinal cord in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain

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29
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

provides information on position and orientation of specific body parts

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30
Q

vestibular sense

A

provides information on overall orientation of your body (up, down, moving)

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31
Q

where is the right side of the body processed?

A

in the left hemisphere

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32
Q

where is the left side of the body processed?

A

in the right hemisphere

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33
Q

convergence

A

how sensory details are combines to form perceptions

34
Q

stroboscopic movement

A

the visual phenomena in which viewing a series of slightly varying pictures in rapid succession produces the effect of continuous motion

35
Q

phi phenomenon

A

an optical illusion that causes one to see several still images in a series as moving

36
Q

perceptual set

A

a predisposition to perceive something one way rather than another (this team’s fans are terrible, this team is really good)

37
Q

habituation

A

decrease in responsibility to a stimulus due to repeated stimulation

38
Q

perceptual adaption

A

if exposed to an inverted or altered visual field, you’ll adjust over time

39
Q

extrasensory perception

A

ESP, sixth sense is a claimed paranormal ability

40
Q

gestalt

A

the natural tendency of our brain to organize stimuli in a meaningful pattern

41
Q

gestalt principles

A

figure ground, similarity, proximity, closure, continuity

42
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the tendency to see familiar objects as having standard, shape, size, color, etc

43
Q

parapsychology

A

study of phenomenon excluded by conventional science (ESP)

44
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

the nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain (go into)

45
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

the nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system in order to imitate action (exit)

46
Q

interneurons

A

the ones in between, they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons

47
Q

soma

A

the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

48
Q

terminal branches

A

the parts of neuron that sends messages to other neurons or muscles or glands

49
Q

dendrite

A

branch like structures of neurons that extend from the cell body (soma), the main function is to receive information from other neurons

50
Q

axon

A

a thin fiber that connects neurons so that they can communicate

51
Q

myelin sheath

A

an insulting layer or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

action potential

A

a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane

53
Q

resting potential

A

the amount of power that is available to a cell to maintain is homeostatic state

54
Q

depolarization

A

when a cell experiences a shift in the distribution of its electrical charges, leading to a less negative charge inside the cell than outside

55
Q

refractory period

A

the period of time during which the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed

56
Q

excitatory signals

A

those that prompt one neuron to share information with the next through an action potential

57
Q

inhibitory signals

A

work to cancel the signal/ block or prevent the chemical message from being passed any further

58
Q

threshold

A

the lowest point at which a particular stimulus will cause a response in an organism

59
Q

synaptic gap

A

a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next

60
Q

reuptake

A

what happens after a signal is transmitted, is essential for synaptic functioning

61
Q

endorphins

A

hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress

62
Q

acetylcholine (Ach)

A

a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells

63
Q

serotonin

A

a chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout the body ; plays a role in mood regulation, emotional well being, sleep, appetite, and cognitive functions

64
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

deals with sensory and motor neurons

65
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary muscle movements

66
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing (automatic bodily functions)

67
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

a network of nerves that helps your body activate its fight or flight response

68
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger

69
Q

central nervous system

A

spinal cord, and reflexes

70
Q

endocrine sytem

A

slow, goes through the blood stream

71
Q

adrenal glands

A

primarily release hormones related to stress, anxiety, including epinephrine, adrenaline, and cortisol

72
Q

pituitary glands

A

“the master gland”, as the hormones it produces control so many different processes in the body. It senses the body’s needs and sends signals to different organs and glands throughout the body to regulate their function and maintain an appropriate environment

73
Q

medulla

A

the lowest part of the brain present at the base of the brainstem. It’s responsible for various brain activities that involve the automatic nerve response

74
Q

pons

A

part of the brainstem which links that brain to the spinal cord, pons a vital section of your nervous system providing a route for signals to travel to and from the brain

75
Q

reticular formation

A

a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival

76
Q

thalamus

A

egg shaped structure in the middle of the brain, a relay station of a all incoming motor and sensory information from the body to the brain

77
Q

cerebellum

A

the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and brainstem, it controls balance for walking and standing

78
Q

limbic system

A

part of the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses (hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus)

79
Q

hippocampus

A

major role in learning and memory

80
Q

amygdala

A

associated with fear, emotions, and motivation

81
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls body temperature, heart rate, hunger, mood, controls all

AP Psych (6 decks)

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