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PSYC 102 > Thinking and Intelligence > Flashcards

Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

How do we operationalize intelligence?

A
  • Using IQ (intelligence quotient) tests that capture Spearman’s g factor
  • General intelligence that applies to different aspects of knowledge
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2
Q

Who are the famous psychologists responsible for different IQ tests?

A

○ Galton created IQ tests
○ Binet created a more reliable and verbal IQ test for children in school
○ Terman standardized the test and founded the bell curve
○ Wechsler captured more aspects of intelligence, used today

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3
Q

What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

A
  • 7 types of intelligence: Logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal
    ○ Led to learning styles in education
    ○ Lack of empirical support and not easily falsifiable
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4
Q

What is Stenberg’s theory of triarchic intelligence?

A
  • Analytic, creative, practical
    ○ Argues that spearman’s g only captures analytic intelligence
    ○ Lack of empirical evidence, argued against
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5
Q

What is the Cattel-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence?

A
  • Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
    ○ Fluid - moving knowledge, ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
    ○ Crystallized - acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
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6
Q

Which of the intelligence theories has the most supporting evidence?

A
  • Cattel-Horn-Carroll theory of fluid and crystallized knowledge
  • Supported by evidence and scientific theories
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7
Q

How does intelligence relate to the structure and function of the brain?

A
  • Intelligence correlates positively with total brain volume
    ○ Gray and white matter volume
    ○ Cortical thickness and growth
    ○ Neural efficiency hypothesis - less brain activity during tasks
    ○ Parieto-frontal integration theory - connections between frontal and parietal lobes
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8
Q

What is wisdom?

A
  • Wisdom - expertise in dealing with difficult questions of life and adaptation to the complex requirements
  • Related to development across the lifespan
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9
Q

What are the steps that computers use to solve problems?

A
  1. initial state
  2. goal state
  3. set of operators
  4. path restrictions
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10
Q

What is an algorithm? What are the benefits and limitations?

A
  • A rule or procedure that guarantees a solution
    ○ Combinatorial explosion - too many options to consider
  • Not practical for humans and rarely possible in real life
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11
Q

What is a heuristic? What are the benefits and limitations?

A
  • Mental shortcuts for problem solving
  • They save us time and energy
  • Are not always accurate (subject to biases)
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12
Q

What is insight?

A
  • Insight is a realization that comes to you in an instance
  • Framing information in a way that leads to a “flash” of realization
    ○ “aha” moment as a result of reorganization of a problem
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13
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

behaviour followed by a positive outcome will most likely be repeated, and vice versa

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14
Q

How do law of effect and insight apply to animal intelligence?

A
  • Thorndike’s Law of Effect believes that animals learn in a slow and noisy way
  • Figuring out problems once did not make a second trial significantly faster
  • In reality, animals did show insight and were suddenly able to solve a problem first try
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15
Q

Describe the concept of Homo economicus. Do humans behave in this way?

A
  • Thinking in an economic way - calculating expected values when making decisions
  • Humans do not behave in this way although it is thought of as rational
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16
Q

What is rationality and bounded rationality?

A
  • Rationality - aspect of reasoning, and making the most optimal decision
  • Bounded rationality - a theory that addresses our capacities, time limitations, and scarcity of information when making decisions
17
Q

What is prospect theory, and what does it suggest about the way we make decisions?

A
  • The idea that gains and losses don’t feel subjectively the same
  • Created by Taversky and Kahneman
  • Risk aversion - risk-avoiding to keep gains
  • Loss aversion - risk-seeking to avoid losses
    Certainty effect - if something is certain, it is more valuable
18
Q

What is objective vs. subjective value?

A
  • Objective value - actual monetary worth
  • Subjective value - how valuable it feels when you incorporate costs
    ○ Declines with increasing delay, risk, effort
19
Q

What does it mean to be a maximizer? What is the benefit?

A
  • Maximizer - consider and compare all options
    ○ Tend to make better large decisions
    ○ Experience the most decision regret
20
Q

What does it mean to be a satisficer? What is the benefit?

A
  • Satisficer - select first option that meets criteria then ending search
    ○ Are usually happier with their choices
21
Q

What are some problems with our decision-making abilities?

A
  • Fixation (mental set): using a previous set of knowledge and applying it to another area
  • Belief perseverance: holding onto a belief even after is it discredited
  • Framing: the way info is framed influences our choices
  • Sunk-cost fallacy: more likely to continue to lean towards something because of previous investments
22
Q

What is creativity? Why is it so hard to define?

A
  • The ability to produce new and valuable ideas
    ○ Hard to operationalize or judge the value of ideas
23
Q

What are Sternberg’s five ingredients for creativity?

A
  1. Expertise
  2. Imaginative thinking skills
  3. Venturesome personality
  4. Intrinsic motivation
  5. Creative environment
24
Q

In what ways do other species share and not share our intelligence and consciousness?

A
  • Able to understand concepts and numbers
  • Able to use tools and transmit culture
  • Some are able to self-recognize
  • Able to display comprehension and communication but not language
25
Q

How is language related to our thoughts? What theory is this?

A
  • Our language shapes and narrows our thinking
  • Expanding language expands our ability to think
  • Some people think in images and no words, but this is still impacted by language
  • Whorf’s Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis
26
Q

What three things bolster creativity?

A
  1. Aptitude - the ability to learn
  2. Intelligence - scores on IQ tests
  3. Working memory - work space in brain where you can manipulate/store info
27
Q

What are convergent vs. divergent thinkers?

A

○ Convergent thinking - taking large problems and narrowing down to correct solution
○ Divergent thinking - taking a topic and branching it out into many, forgetting about “one correct answer”

PSYC 102 (8 decks)

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