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PSYC 102 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A
  • individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
  • internal aspects of you that are fixed and stable, but can be shaped by experiences
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2
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A
  • the idea that thoughts and actions are a product of our unconscious motives and desires
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3
Q

What does our unconscious refer to?

A
  • mental activity that we are unaware of and are unable to access
  • according to Freud, unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious through repression
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4
Q

What is free association?

A
  • patient speaks of anything that comes to mind in an effort to reveal unconscious thoughts
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5
Q

What are the pleasure and reality principle?

A
  • pleasure: our desire to act in ways that satisfy our desire, unconscious mind usually
  • reality: what drives out conscious mind, balances between what is desired and what is acceptable
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6
Q

What did Freud believe our personality was made up of?

A
  • id: unconscious aggressive, pleasure-seeking drives
  • superego: ideals and moral control over the id
  • our personality (ego) is a result of conflict between our id and superego
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7
Q

How did Freud believe anxiety emerged? What happens to reduce the anxiety?

A
  • believed anxiety emerges when the id (unconscious desires) and superego (internalized morals) clash
  • ego protects itself and reduces anxiety using defence mechanisms (mostly repression)
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8
Q

What are some of Freud’s incorrect beliefs regarding the unconscious?

A
  • psychosexual stages are not accurate
  • under-estimate value of peer influence
  • oedipus complex: believed sex and sexuality are driven by parents
  • thought boys who grew up without dads couldn’t grow to be normal men
  • thought dreams are a representation of our desires
  • had problems with method of discovery and predictive validity
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9
Q

What are some of Freud’s correct beliefs regarding the unconscious?

A
  • there is an unconscious aspect of our mind that affects behaviour
  • people have biological and social conflicts
  • he normalized sexuality as part of the mind
  • some of his defence mechanisms line up with research
  • people can have mental illnesses
  • popularized talk therapy
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10
Q

What are some examples of defense mechanisms we use to decrease anxiety?

A
  • repression: pushing away of unconscious thoughts
  • projection: person sees their own unconscious feelings in someone else
  • rationalization, displacement, sublimation, reaction formation, regression, denial
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11
Q

What are some new discoveries about the idea of repression?

A
  • we actually find that people rarely repress, we usually can’t stop thinking about anxious events
  • repression is actually more like intrusive thoughts
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12
Q

What is our opinion on the unconscious today?

A
  • our unconscious is more unconscious behaviours and not unconscious thoughts
  • unconscious involves: schemas, priming, implicit memories, emotions, stereotypes
  • research supports two of Freud’s defense mechanisms: reaction formation and projection
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13
Q

What were the Neo-Freudian’s beliefs?

A
  • rejected emphasis on sex, put more emphasis on unconscious mind and social motives
  • childhood social experiences influence adult personality
  • studied universal predispositions (archetypes)
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14
Q

Who were the Neo-Freudians and what were their specific beliefs?

A
  • people who continued Freud’s psychodynamic studies
  • Alfred Adler: focused on inferiority complex that explains our behaviours
  • Karen Horney: feminist psychologist, believed early individuals were inclined to think of people based on their times
  • Carl Jung: came up with the idea of archetypes and collective unconscious
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15
Q

What is the collective unconscious?

A
  • universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns or memory traces which are common to all of us
  • ancestral memories (archetypes) are represented by universal themes in various cultures
  • expressed through literature, art, and dreams
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16
Q

What are Horney’s 3 coping styles?

A
  1. moving toward people: affliction and dependence
  2. moving against people: aggression and manipulation
  3. moving away from people: detachment and isolation
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17
Q

What is projective testing?

A
  • series of ambiguous cards is shown to person being tested
  • either inkblots (Rorschach) or uncaptioned scenes (TAT)
  • then ask person what they see in the picture
  • done by telling a story, interpreting an image, or completing a sentence
  • answer gives insight to their unconscious mind
18
Q

What are the pros and cons of projective tests?

A
  • less subjective to intentional distortion
  • hard to fake good because there is not an obvious “good” answer
  • more time consuming for the evaluator than self-report inventories
19
Q

What is a thematic apperception test (TAT)?

A
  • type of projection test
  • show the person uncaptioned scenes as the ambiguous stimuli
  • ask them to tell a story about the photo
  • shows what’s going on in their unconscious mind
20
Q

What is the lie scale?

A
  • 15 items used to determine whether the respondent is “faking good”
  • ex. if someone responds “yes” to a number of unrealistically positive items, they may be trying to appear better than they actually are
21
Q

What is locus of control? What is internal vs. external locus of control?

A
  • beliefs about the power we have over our lives
  • an external locus is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control
  • an internal locus is the belief that we control our own outcomes
22
Q

What were the humanistic approaches to personality?

A
  • assessed personality using questionnaires to evaluate their self-concept
  • ideal self vs. actual self
  • focused on how they can make those two align
23
Q

Who were the two main humanists and what were their main concerns?

A
  • Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: healthy personal growth, striving for self-actualization
  • Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective: genuineness, acceptance and empathy, unconditional positive regard and self-concept
24
Q

What did humanist psychology influence and what are the criticisms?

A

influenced..
- counselling, education, child-raising, management
- renewed interest in concept of self
criticism…
- were not researchers so did not test if therapy worked
- presents vague and subjective concepts
- advances individualism and self-centred values

25
Q

What is the trait theorist perspective on personality?

A
  • personality is a stable set of thoughts the manifest into stable set of behaviours
  • descriptive rather than prescriptive (right vs wrong) or mechanistic (cause of differences)
  • use factor analysis to let numbers and stats determine categories
  • suggest biological predispositions (stimulation, dopamine, extraversion)
26
Q

What is a personality inventory and what are some potential problems?

A
  • big questionnaire with many ideas to gage a wide variety of feelings and behaviours
    problems
  • we write about who we want to be rather than who we are
  • people lie out of social necessity or to feel secure
27
Q

What is one of the most widely used personality inventories? Why is it most widely used?

A
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
  • uses true or false questions
  • used to produce a clinical profile and scale to ascertain risk factors
28
Q

What is factor analysis and how is it used?

A
  • numbers and stats determine categories of personality traits
  • try to find clusters (factors) where answers of personality tests align
  • used by trait theorists to categorize personality traits
29
Q

What are Gordon Allport’s three categories of personality traits?

A
  1. cardinal: trait that dominates entire personality (uncommon)
  2. central: traits that make up personality
  3. secondary: traits that aren’t as obvious or consistent
30
Q

What were Raymond Cattell’s 16 factors of personality? What test did he create based on this?

A
  • warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self-reliance, perfectionism, and tension
  • personality assessment called the 16PF
  • each factor scored over a continuum from high to low
31
Q

What is the Eynseck’s two factor theory of personality?

A
  • neuroticism and extraversion
  • later added psychoticism vs. superego control
  • considered too narrow
  • commonly used to describe chiidren’s temperament..
  • easy, difficult, slow
32
Q

What is the 5 factor model of personality?

A
  • (O) openness: trying new things
  • (C) conscientiousness: internal vs. external drives
  • (E) extraversion
  • (A) agreeableness: skeptical vs. accepting
  • (N) neuroticism: emotional stability vs. instability
  • most accurate approximation of basic personality dimensions
33
Q

What is the person-situation controversy?

A
  • behaviour is influenced by interaction of our inner disposition (personality) AND our environment (situation)
  • traits across childhood are stable, as life becomes more fixed, so do we
34
Q

What is self-regulation? Who studied it and what was the study?

A
  • the process of identifying a goal and in pursuing its using both internal and external feedback to maximize goal attainment
  • Mischel’s Marshmallow test; leave kids alone with marshmallow, if they don’t eat it they get 2x after
  • it was believed that whether the child could resist would determine future life success
35
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A
  • idea came from Bandura
  • cognitive processes, behaviour, and environment all interact
  • each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously
36
Q

What is the HEXACO model of personality?

A
  1. (H) honesty-humility
  2. (E) emotionality
  3. (X) extraversion
  4. (A) agreeableness
  5. (C) conscientiousness
  6. (O) openness
37
Q

How do social-cognitive theorists assess behaviour in situations?

A
  • build on concepts of learning and cognition
  • contend the best way to predict behaviour in a given situation is to observe that behaviour in similar situations
  • under-emphasize importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits
38
Q

What is self-esteem vs. self-efficacy?

A
  • self-esteem: how you feel about yourself (self-worth)
  • self-efficacy: sense of competence on a task
39
Q

What are the two types of self-esteem?

A
  1. defensive self-esteem: more fragile in nature, respond to threats of self-esteem with more aggression
  2. secure self- esteem: less contingent on what other people think, report higher quality of life
40
Q

What are the three approaches used to study personality in a cultural context?

A
  1. cultural-comparative approach: seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine whether they can be generalized
  2. indigenous approach
  3. combined approach

PSYC 102 (8 decks)

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