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PSYC 102 > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the instinct theory?

A
  • some species exhibit behaviour without any learning or past experience
  • hardwired into animals nervous system
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2
Q

What are the criteria for instinct?

A
  1. stereotyped: act the way we are expected to
  2. characteristic: of the species
  3. in isolation: will express even if separated
  4. without practice: emerge fully formed
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3
Q

What is tabula rasa?

A
  • the behaviourists belief that animals are a blank slate who only learn behaviour
  • disregarded the mind, especially animals
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4
Q

What discoveries contradicted tabula rasa?

A
  • instinctive drift: animals would revert back to species-specific behaviour after conditioning stopped
  • noticed that animals are inclined to act a certain way
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5
Q

What is species-specific behaviour?

A
  • behaviour that is not hardwired, but we are predisposed to it
  • can be released by external stimuli (supernormal stimuli creates more aggressive response)
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6
Q

What is drive reduction theory?

A
  • when our bodies stray from homeostasis, our behaviour is motivated
  • behaviours can be regulatory (internal) or purposive (external)
  • To regulate internal state (homeostasis) or working toward a goal
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7
Q

What is Hull’s Drive Theory?

A
  • E = HxD
  • E = amount of motivated behaviour
  • H = habit
  • D = drive
  • believes that drive energizes all responses, not any one specifically
  • response more strongly associate with present stimulus will occur
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8
Q

What is the difference of drive theory with simple and complex situations?

A
  • simple/well-learned response situation: clear dominant response
  • complex/little-learned response situation: multiple competing responses
  • think of sports example
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9
Q

How well is drive theory supported by evidence? What are the contradictions?

A
  • Has been found that most behaviour is goal oriented and not all responses are energized equally
  • Behaviour does not always originate from a drive
  • Goes against Hull’s theory
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10
Q

What is arousal theory? Does this behaviour have direction?

A
  • explains behaviours that have no immediate biological need
  • levels of arousal lower than the optimal will motivate behaviour
  • energization of behaviour without direction
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11
Q

What is some evidence for the arousal theory?

A
  • Lots of evidence used to support this theory, including the upside down U discovered by Yerkes-Dodson
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12
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson curve (inverted U)?

A
  • Yerkes-Dodson Law: optimal arousal level depends on complexity and difficulty of the task
  • under low or hight levels of arousal, we do not perform well
  • low = sleepy, bored
  • high = anxious, stressed
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13
Q

What are the two types of impulsivity?

A
  • motor impulsivity: action without foresight
  • choice impulsivity: choose smaller immediate rewards vs. larger, delayed reward
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14
Q

How does being extroverted or introverted relate to arousal levels?

A
  • extroverts = under-aroused, so seek social stimulation
  • introverts = more aroused internally, don’t need social stimulation
  • introverts also have high motivation to do things during the day
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15
Q

How does arousal level relate to ADHD?

A
  • It is hypothesized that people with ADHD have low dopamine levels (low arousal)
    • Psychostimulants work as treatment, and bring up levels of arousal
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16
Q

What is sensory deprivation and what are the different uses?

A
  • the absence of arousal
  • used as a method of punishment in jail
  • used as a form of therapy (sensory deprivation chamber)
  • difference in uses shows how people have different baselines for arousal
17
Q

What is the Easterbrook hypothesis?

A
  • arousal reduces range of cues that an organism attends to
  • when arousal increases, we focus less on other things
  • attention may be too narrow in dangerous situations, effects eyewitness testimonies
18
Q

What is the modern Yerkes-Dodson and Easterbrook hypothesis?**

A
  • psychological: arousal (x) and performance/attention (y)
  • biological: as stress increases, catecholamine releases in prefrontal cortex and causes activity to move to subcortical regions
19
Q

What are the different dichotomies that psychologists sue to organize motivation?

A
  • regulatory vs purposive
  • habit vs. goal-directed behaviour
  • model-based vs. model-free
  • seeking appetitive outcomes vs. avoiding aversive outcomes
  • preference vs. persistence vs. rigour
  • averages vs. individual differences
20
Q

What does regulatory vs. purposive motivation refer to?

A
  • regulatory: to regulate internal state (homeostasis)
  • purposive: working towards a goal
  • also known as internal vs. external
21
Q

What does model-based vs. model-free motivation refer to?

A
  • model-based: build a model of the world, guess outcome, choose behaviour
  • model-free: base decisions on average value of things (habits)
22
Q

What does preference vs. persistence vs. vigour refer to for motivation?

A

Choosing what you like vs. how hard will you work vs. how strong is the response

23
Q

Is the notion of instinct supported by research? How do we refer to these ideas now?

A
  • Supported by evidence, but only involves a very small category of behaviours
  • Better to use the term “species-specific behaviour”
24
Q

What are out two set points for hunger regulation?

A
  • glucostatic: blood sugar drives eating
  • lipostatic: as body fat levels rise and drop, it will drive eating
25
Q

How does our body regulate caloric intake through blood glucose level?

A
  • blood glucose is regulated through homeostasis
  • dips before meal and triggers hunger
  • event if you don’t eat, glucose levels return to normal after meal time passes
  • blood sugar dips to prepare body for stressful process of digestion
26
Q

How does our body regulate caloric intake through the hypothalamus?

A
  • arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus surpesses hunger
  • also triggers hormone release
27
Q

What are some appetite hormones that suppress the appetite?

A
  • leptin: released from fat cells at given baseline rate, more fat cells = more leptin
  • PYY: comes from visceral fat, how full or empty your organs are
28
Q

What happens when people try to manipulate appetite hormones that suppress the appetite?

A
  • leptin: try to artificially activate, but drugs don’t decrease eating
  • PYY: works somewhat, but has potential of causing heart problems
29
Q

What are some appetite hormones that increase the appetite?

A
  • ghrelin: released from stomach when hungry
  • orexin: released from hypothalamus
30
Q

What happens when people try to manipulate appetite hormones that increase the appetite?

A
  • ghrelin: try to activate or block, but does not hold up as a drug
  • orexin: can’t be targetted without affecting sleep as well
31
Q

What is insulin’s job? Could we manipulate it to regulate eating?

A
  • released by pancreas to monitor blood sugar
  • triggers storage of glucose in the body
  • will induce eating if manipulated, but would have to lower blood sugar significantly
32
Q

What are some situations that could have an affect on what types and how much food we eat?

A

friends: our BMI is similar to our friends and we eat more with them
serving size: strong effect on how much we eat
food variety: when you offer lots of options, people eat more

33
Q

How/why are we motivated for social contact?

A
  • social bonds and cooperation enhanced ancestors’ survivability
34
Q

What is intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation?

A
  • Intrinsic motivation - behaviours performed because of personal satisfaction they bring
  • Extrinsic motivation - behaviours that are performed in order to receive something from others
35
Q

How is intrinsic motivation affected by extrinsic and by rewards? What is this effect called?

A
  • Over justification effect - intrinsic motivation diminished when extrinsic motivation is given
  • If a person expects to receive a reward, intrinsic motivation decreases
  • Tangible rewards tend to have more negative effects on intrinsic motivation than intangible
36
Q

What is activation theory?

A
  • the reticular formation - governs the arousal levels, activates lots of neurotransmitters all at once
  • wakefulness, arousal, sleep, consciousness
  • coma and anesthetics affect RAS

PSYC 102 (8 decks)

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