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PSYC 102 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a primary paper in psychology?

A
  • abstract: summary
  • introduction: importance explained
  • results: data and numbers
  • discussion: interpretation of results
  • conclusion: summary, limitations, concerns
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2
Q

What is a primary paper in psychology?

A
  • original research that hasn’t been seen anywhere else
  • peer-reviewed by anonymous editors from the journal
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3
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • tendency to assume peoples’ behaviours are due to their traits (dispositionism) and not their situation (situationism)
  • a heuristic, simple strategy to understand the world
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4
Q

What is the difference between an individualist culture vs a collectivistic culture? What are their views on dispositionism and situationism?

A
  • individualist culture: focuses on individual achievement and autonomy (dispositionism)
  • collectivist: focuses on the group harmony and relationships (situationism)
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5
Q

When are we more likely to experience the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • when someone fails, we blame their traits and not their situation
  • when we fail, we blame our situation more than our traits
  • everyone leans towards disposition when drunk or under cognitive load
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6
Q

What is a self-serving bias?

A
  • tendency to explain our success as due to dispositional characteristics
  • also explain our failures as due to situational characterstics
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7
Q

What is the actor-observer bias?

A
  • phenomenon of attributing other peoples’ behaviours to internal factors (fundamental attribution error) while attributing our own behaviour to situational factors
  • we default to dispositionist perspective when we have less information available about others
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8
Q

How does dispositionism relate to politics?

A

when speaking about homelessness in North America,
- dispositionism = conservatives (right-leaning)
- situationism = liberal (left-leaning)

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9
Q

What are some studies that demonstrate the fundamental attribution error?

A

LOOK INTO SLIDES AND AUDIO
- in Milgram’s study (electrical shock) most believed they aren’t capable of hurting someone but still did in the experiment
- suggests we over-estimate influence of traits and underestimate situational traits
- in the quizmaster study questioners did not rate their general knowledge higher than the contestants, but the contestants rated the questioners’ intelligence higher than their own

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10
Q

What is the Asch effect?

A
  • the influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment
  • came from the study where multiple people in the group give the wrong answer, and participant also gives wrong answer to blend in
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11
Q

What happens when your attitudes and actions don’t line up?

A
  • cognitive dissonance theory (festinger)
  • tensions are reduced by changing attitudes to match actions
  • behaviour shapes attitude
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12
Q

What are two ways that actions can modify attitudes?

A
  1. foot-in-the-door phenomenon: people are more likely to comply with a large request if they comply to a small one first
  2. role playing: pretending to act a certain way will make you more inclined to act that way
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13
Q

What is conformity?

A
  • when a person changes their behaviour to best fit into a situation
  • can be seen as a way to get along with others but is frowned upon
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14
Q

How does obedience differ from conformity?

A
  • conformity is one effect of the influence of other on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
  • obedience is the change of an individual’s behaviour to comply with a demand by an authority figure
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15
Q

What are compliance, obedience, and acceptance?

A
  • compliance: conforming while not believing in what you’re doing so you don’t cause a fuss
  • obedience: complying after given an explicit demand
  • acceptance: people start being compliant because they grow to understand other POVs (cognitive dissonance?)
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16
Q

What is normative vs. informational social influence?

A
  • normative: when we conform to gain social approval
  • informational: learn to comply because social opinion may have info that you don’t
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17
Q

What predicts whether a person will conform or not?

A
  1. feelings of competence - incompetence can increase conformity
  2. group size - strongest affect when the group is larger than 3
  3. group agreement - if the group is unanimous, conformity is very likely
  4. group status - if you are lower in status, you are more likely to conform to them
  5. response commitment - if you previously commit to something, you are more likely to go along with it
  6. known observation - if you know other people are watching, you’re more likely to conform
  7. cultural morals - when desire to conform interferes with cultural views, no conformity
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18
Q

What was Stanley Milgram’s study?

A
  • wanted to know how everyday people could commit horrific crimes (holocaust)
  • studied demand of authority vs. demands of conscience
  • told people he wanted to learn the effect of punishment on learning
  • got the participant to “shock” an actor every time he got a question wrong
  • shock value went up with every question wrong, actor expresses distress and wanting to quit
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19
Q

What were the results of the Stanley Milgram Experiment?

A
  • most people would go all the way to the highest voltage even if learner warns of a heart problem
  • say they were only following orders
  • participants were visually distressed and didn’t want to continue but did
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20
Q

What are some predictors of obedience?

A
  1. emotional distance from victim
  2. closeness/legitimacy of authority
  3. authority of institution
  4. role model for compliance
  5. lack of role models for defiance
  6. foot-in-door effect
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21
Q

What is social facilitation? What are some examples?

A
  • being around people increases our arousal and increases our performance
  • but, if arousal is already very high, then being around people will not help
  • sports teams playing better in home games than away games
  • paying more attention in class in person than on zoom
22
Q

What is social loafing and what are some predictors?

A
  • some people have a tendency to exert less effort in a social situation

predictors
- not feeling like what you’re doing matters (not feeling accountable)
- feeling like whether or not you contribute won’t affect anything
- not identifying with the rest of the group members

23
Q

What is group polarization?

A
  • when exposed to other like-minded individuals, it amplifies already-existing opinions
  • the way our social systems work have been amplified through the internet
  • hear fewer viewpoints from people who disagree
24
Q

What is deindividuation and what does it lead to?

A
  • feeling unaccountable, anonymous, and aroused
  • more likely to commit transgressive behaviours
  • loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in social situations
  • ex. stanley cup riots in Vancouver
25
Q

What are group think and individual power?

A
  • group think: people are driven by harmony within a group
  • individual power: does not take many people to break these group attitudes
26
Q

What is prejudice and how does it differ from discrimination?

A
  • prejudice is a negative ATTITUDE towards something before you’ve experienced it
  • can be thought of as a social extension of previous cognitive ideas, heuristic that results in incorrect judgement
  • discrimination is a negative BEHAVIOUR
27
Q

What are some components of prejudice?

A
  • beliefs (stereotypes)
  • emotions
  • predispositions to action (discrimination)
28
Q

What are the social roots of prejudice?

A
  • social inequalities - we acknowledge different groups have different opportunities, but we accept this as “how the world is”
  • just-world phenomenon - our perception of the fairness of the world depends on how privileged we are
  • stereotypes and rationalization - we try to unjustly make sense of inequalities
29
Q

What are in-groups and in-group biases? Who are we usually negatively biased towards?

A
  • in-groups: social definition of who we are and who we are not, very flexible
  • in-group bias: we tend to favour members of our in-group rather than the out-group
  • we have more negative biases toward people in out-groups
30
Q

What is the different between explicit and implicit attitudes/biases

A
  • explicit: conscious and controllable attitudes towards something
  • implicit: unconscious and uncontrollable attitudes towards something
31
Q

What is the halo effect?

A
  • the tendency to let the overall impression of an individual color the way in which we feel about their character
  • might assume people who are more attractive are more likely to be good individuals than less attractive individuals
32
Q

What is the scapegoat theory?

A
  • people are quick to look for someone to blame
  • most aligns with people who are economically disadvantaged
33
Q

What are some studies from class that describe biases?

A
  • in a simulation, police shoot unarmed black suspects more often than unarmed white suspects
  • employers more likely to call white/men’s names vs. other names for job interview
34
Q

What is the IAT?

A
  • implicit (racial) association test
  • conduct a behavioural task to get people to reveal in their behaviour, things they would not say about their prejudices
  • example: police simulation with multiple races
35
Q

What are some potential problems with the IAT?

A
  • scores are not stable in individuals
  • likely to be measuring cultural/linguistic associations (red + warm vs. red + cold)
  • low predictive validity
  • interventions to change bias via changes to IAT scores have failed
36
Q

How can we reduce prejudice?

A
  • extensive training (like in cops in simulations)
  • regular positive ‘intergroup’ contact, allow more people into your in-group (making friends)
  • exposure to counter-stereotypes
  • building a bigger in-group: (urban vs. rural areas)
  • working towards common goals
37
Q

What the elements of attraction?

A
  • proximity (mere exposure effect) - more time with someone = more attraction
  • physical attractiveness - effects jobs, social networks
  • similarity - more important to be similar (age, background, religion, BMI, interests)
38
Q

What are some universal attractive features?

A
  • youthful faces
  • symmetrical faces
  • averageness (nothing too big or small)
39
Q

What are the elements of romantic love?

A
  1. passionate love - high level of intensity and arousal (lasts 6 months - 1 year)
  2. companionate love - calmness, bonding, trust, safety (more long-lasting)
    - time strengthens love, ratings of sexual attraction increases
40
Q

How does the two factor theory of emotion effect how we interpret our arousal?

A
  • when we are aroused, we have to interpret that arousal
  • can mis-attribute the reason for arousal to a person present and think you are attracted to them
41
Q

What is altruism?

A
  • helping people even if it’s at a cost for yourself
  • humans are predisposed to take care of each other and help
  • more likely to help children, women, and when we are in a good mood
42
Q

What is the veneer theory?

A
  • society acts as an outer layer and brings out the best in us…
  • but when there is a crisis and society is taken away, the selfish and animalistic side of people comes out
43
Q

What is the bystander effect? Why does it happen?

A
  • if there are many people witnesses an event, you are less likely to give aid
  • happens because of diffusion of responsibility: tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
  • people don’t call 911 or react in a emergency situation when there are more people present
44
Q

How were the results found in the Sandstrom and Dunn (2014) article?

A
  • participants recruited outside of a Starbucks
  • either interact with the barista efficiently, or as an acquaintance
  • later did a questionnaire measuring their satisfaction, mood, and sense of belongingess
45
Q

What were the main findings of the Sandstorm and Dunn (2014) article?

A
  • people who interacted with Starbucks baristas reported higher positive affect, lower negative affect, more satisfaction, and a greater sense of belongingness than people who were as efficient as possible
46
Q

What are some limitations in the Sandstrom and Dunn (2014) article?

A
  • results may have been because of a decrease in feeling of belonging for those in efficient condition
  • maybe participants knew that experimenters expected them to feel a greater sense of belonging after the interaction
47
Q

What is a social role?

A
  • a pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person in a given situation to group
  • everyone has several social roles
48
Q

What is a social norm?

A
  • a group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behaviour for its members
  • how they are supposed to behave and think
49
Q

What is the justification of effort theory?

A
  • when something is more difficult to achieve, we believe it is more worthwhile
50
Q

What are the two main routes of persuasion?

A
  1. central: logic driven and uses data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness.
  2. peripheral: indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message
51
Q

What is homophily?

A
  • the tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar
52
Q

What is the social exchange theory?

A
  • we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others

PSYC 102 (8 decks)

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