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PSYC 102 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

How does Turkenheimer explain the interaction of genes and the environment?***

A
  • as we become more financially insecure, the genes describe differences in IQ less (more by the environment)
  • at higher level of economic stability, the genes describe the differences in IQ (higher heritability estimate)
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2
Q

What are the different stages of prenatal development?

A

zygote: conception to 2 weeks
embryo: 2 - 8 weeks
fetus: 9 weeks - birth

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3
Q

What are teratogens?

A
  • environmental factors that negatively affect prenatal development (biological, chemical, or physical)
  • alcohol, drugs (not all have the same outcome)
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4
Q

What are some reflexes that newborns have?

A
  • turning their heads when you touch their cheek
  • grasping with hands, swallowing
  • capacity to learn
  • moro reflex is a response to the sensation of falling: baby spreads arms, pulls them back in, and cries
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5
Q

What is the main point of development? How does it work?

A
  • neural connections are made as an infant (first years of life)
  • development is the strengthening of useful connections and the pruning of useless ones
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6
Q

What is continuous vs discontinuous development?

A

continuous: development occurs by gradually improving on existing skills
discontinuous: development takes place in unique stages or ages, also imply that sequence of development is universal

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7
Q

What were Sigmund Freud’s views on development?

A
  • believed development was discontinuous and occurred in stages
  • psychosexual development: if we lack proper nurturance and parenting during a stage of development, we become stuck
  • children’s pleasure seeking urges are focused on different areas of the body (erogenous zone) at each 5 stages
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8
Q

What was Erikson’s theory of development?

A
  • psychosocial development: focused on the whole lifespan rather than just childhood
  • at each stage, there is a conflict or task that we need to resolve
  • completion = sense of competence and healthy personality
  • failure to complete = feelings of inadequacy
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9
Q

What are Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development?

A

stage 1: trust vs. mistrust (0-1yrs)
stage 2: autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3)
stage 3: initiative vs. guilt (3-6)
stage 4: industry vs. inferiority (7-11)
stage 5: identity vs. role confusion (12-18)
stage 6: intimacy vs. isolation (19-29)
stage 7: generatively vs. stagnation (30-64)
stage 8: integrity vs. despair (65-)

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10
Q

What was Piaget’s theory of development?

A
  • Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
  • when children learn new info, they adjust their schemata (concepts) through assimilation and accomodation
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11
Q

What are assimilation and accommodation in Piaget’s theory?

A

assimilation: take in info that is comparable to what they already know
accommodation: take in new info and change their schemata

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12
Q

What are Piaget’s main stages of cognitive development? What ages do they occur?

A

sensorimotor (0-2yrs) - world experienced through senses and actions
pre-operational (2-6) - use words and images to represent things, lack logical reasoning
concrete operational (7-11) - understand concrete events logically, can do math
formal operational (12 - ) - utilize abstract reasoning

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13
Q

What are the developmental milestones in each of Piaget’s stages of development?

A

sensorimotor: object permanence, stranger anxiety
pre operational: pretend play, egocentrism, language, theory of mind (3.5-4.5 years)
concrete operational: conservation, mathematical transformations, reversibility
formal operations: abstract logic, moral reasoning

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14
Q

What contradictions to Piaget’s theory have arose? Could there have been any other stages?

A
  • development is more gradual than these stages
  • some children develop earlier than the stages suggest
  • there may be a fifth stage: post formal thinking where decisions are made based on circumstances and logic is integrated with emotion
  • thought that children’s ability to understand objects was dependent of their experience, but psychologists today say he’s wrong
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15
Q

What is Vygotsky’s outlook on children?

A
  • “child is the apprentice”
  • believed that development stems from social world and language
  • cognitive development correlates with development of language
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16
Q

What are the different opinions on how we learn language?

A
  • Noam Chomsky: proposed that we are born with an innate capacity to learn language (language acquisition device)
  • B.F. Skinner: said that we learn language through reinforcement
17
Q

What are the two things needed for a healthy attachment?

A
  1. caregiver that is responsive to child’s needs
  2. caregiver and child engage in mutually enjoyable activities
18
Q

What are Ainsworth’s three types of attachment?

A
  1. secure attachment
  2. avoidant attachment
  3. anxious attachment
19
Q

How does each type of child’s attachment style respond when the caregiver leaves them alone in a room with a stranger?

A
  • secure: distressed when they left, seek comfort when they returned
  • avoidant: unbothered by both events
  • anxious: anxious when parent leaves, not easily consoled when they return
20
Q

What is temperament and what are the three types?

A
  • people are predisposed to some behaviours towards the world
  • Easy: less volatile emotions, sleep longer, eat more easily
  • Difficult: more fussy, cry more, are more difficult overall
  • Slow-to-warm up: very low energy, neo-phobic (afraid of new things)
21
Q

What is self-concept and how does it emerge?

A
  • emerges gradually
  • 6 months: self-recognition
  • 15-18 months: face schema
  • school age: grouping by gender/traits/peers
  • 8-10 years old: stable
22
Q

What are the physical changes during puberty and what are they called?

A

adrenarche and gonadarche: maturation of adrenal and sex glands
menarche: beginning of menstrual period (12-13)
spermarche: the first ejaculation (13-14)

23
Q

What is Baumrind’s theory of parenting styles?

A
  1. authoritative: reasonable demands and consistent limits
  2. authoritarian: high value on conformity and obedience
  3. permissive: few demands and rarely punish
  4. uninvolved: parents are indifferent and uninvolved
24
Q

What is the beginning and end of adolescence marked by?

A
  • beginning is a biological onset: puberty
  • ends with socially constructed end point based on culture
  • ends when individual is independent of their caregivers
25
Q

What are the levels and stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

level 1 - pre-conventional morality
- focus: obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

level 2 - conventional morality
- focus: uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

level 3 - post-conventional morality
- focus: actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

26
Q

What is moral intuition? What are some scientists beliefs on this?

A
  • automatic and effortless opinions and morals
    Haidt: morals don’t take any effort on our part
    Greene: we have moral intuition but they can be persuaded
27
Q

What are the different stages of physical development in adulthood? How do they change in terms of physical health and intelligence?

A
  • early: peak of physical strength, highest fluid intelligence
  • middle: decline or plateau in physical health, active recall decreases
  • late: reaction and processing time slows but able to tune out meaningless stimuli better, physical health usually declines
28
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • early symptoms: mild cognitive impairment, selective declines in memory
  • later symptoms: confusion, irritability, anxiety, deterioration of speech
  • advanced stages: difficulties with simple responses or behaviours
29
Q

What are some defining characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. brain volume decreases: loss of synapses, then neurons die
  2. neurofibrillary tangles: protein aggregations
  3. amyloid plaques: protein aggregations
30
Q

What are some theories of pathogenesis of AD?

A
  1. amyloid cascade hypothesis: plaques are the reason for Alzheimer’s, supported by time scale of plaques and neurodegeneration
  2. pathogenic spread hypothesis: mis-folded amyloid plaques spread to others and cause more creations (relate to #1)
  3. vascular hypothesis: blood flow changes relate to Alzheimer’s, probably not enough to cause
  4. gum disease hypothesis: long-term exposure to bacteria that causes gum disease may cause probability of Alzheimer’s
  5. autoimmune hypothesis: suspect amyloid plaques are part of autoimmune system and accidentally affect nervous system
31
Q

How do crystallized and fluid intelligence change while aging?

A
  • crystallized intelligence usually improves
  • fluid intelligence declines
32
Q

What are the five stages of grief?

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

33
Q

How do brain cells develop during the first year of life?

A

birth - neuronal growth spurt
3-6mo - rapid frontal lobe growth
1 year: have most neurons and messily wired brain

PSYC 102 (8 decks)

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