thinking and decision making Flashcards
what is thinking?
the process of using knowledge and information to make plans, interpret the world, and make predictions about the world in general.
what is decision making?
the process of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision-maker
who proposed the Dual Process model?
Kahneman
what are the two systems proposed by the Dual Process Model?
system 1- intuitive thinking
system 2- rational thinking
what are heuristics?
mental shortcuts that involve focusing on one aspect of a complex problem and ignoring others
what are the characteristics of system 1 thinking?
Context-dependent - focuses on existing evidence and ignores absent evidence
Concerns everyday decision making
Generates impressions and inclinations.
Not logic-based and prone to error
Operates automatically and quickly with little or no effort
what are the characteristics of system 2 thinking?
abstract
conscious reasoning
logical and reliable
slow and require effort
transfers information from one situation to a new situation
what are two strengths of the Dual Process Model?
biological evidence
consistent with the theory of evolution
what are three limitations of the Dual Process Model?
reductionistic
definitions of system 1 and system 2 are unclear
research is often artificial
what are two studies supporting the Dual Process Model?
Atler and Oppenheimer
Stroop
what was the aim of Alter & Oppenheimer?
investigate how font affects thinking processes
what were the two conditions of Alter & Oppenheimer?
the easy to read font condition
the hard to read font condition
what were the results of Alter & Oppenheimer?
Among students given the CRT in easy font, only 10% of participants answered all three questions correctly, while among the students given the CRT in difficult font, 65% of participants were fully accurate.
what are three strengths of Alter & Oppenheimer?
provides evidence for the Dual Process Model
high internal validity
easy to replicate
what are three limitations of Alter & Oppenheimer?
student sample
small sample size
participant variability
what was the aim of Stroop?
To examine how incongruency between the color the word represents, and the word’s font will impair the ability to name the color.
what was the IV an DV in Stroop?
The independent variable (IV) was the congruency of the font name and color.
The dependent variable (DV) was reaction time (seconds) in reporting the word color.
what were the results of Stroop?
Mean time to name the color of incongruent color words (110.3s) was more than twice the time to read the congruent color words (43.3s)
what are two strengths of Stroop?
lab experiment- high internal validity- cofounding variable are controlled
repeated measured design
what are two limitations of Stroop?
artificial-low ecological validity
order effect
