thinking and decision making

Question 1

what is thinking?

Answer 1

the process of using knowledge and information to make plans, interpret the world, and make predictions about the world in general.

Question 2

what is decision making?

Answer 2

the process of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision-maker

Question 3

who proposed the Dual Process model?

Answer 3

Kahneman

Question 4

what are the two systems proposed by the Dual Process Model?

Answer 4

system 1- intuitive thinking
system 2- rational thinking

Question 5

what are heuristics?

Answer 5

mental shortcuts that involve focusing on one aspect of a complex problem and ignoring others

Question 6

what are the characteristics of system 1 thinking?

Answer 6

Context-dependent - focuses on existing evidence and ignores absent evidence
Concerns everyday decision making
Generates impressions and inclinations.
Not logic-based and prone to error
Operates automatically and quickly with little or no effort

Question 7

what are the characteristics of system 2 thinking?

Answer 7

abstract
conscious reasoning
logical and reliable
slow and require effort
transfers information from one situation to a new situation

Question 7

what are two strengths of the Dual Process Model?

Answer 7

biological evidence
consistent with the theory of evolution

Question 8

what are three limitations of the Dual Process Model?

Answer 8

reductionistic
definitions of system 1 and system 2 are unclear
research is often artificial

Question 9

what are two studies supporting the Dual Process Model?

Answer 9

Atler and Oppenheimer
Stroop

Question 10

what was the aim of Alter & Oppenheimer?

Answer 10

investigate how font affects thinking processes

Question 11

what were the two conditions of Alter & Oppenheimer?

Answer 11

the easy to read font condition
the hard to read font condition

Question 12

what were the results of Alter & Oppenheimer?

Answer 12

Among students given the CRT in easy font, only 10% of participants answered all three questions correctly, while among the students given the CRT in difficult font, 65% of participants were fully accurate.

Question 13

what are three strengths of Alter & Oppenheimer?

Answer 13

provides evidence for the Dual Process Model
high internal validity
easy to replicate

Question 14

what are three limitations of Alter & Oppenheimer?

Answer 14

student sample
small sample size
participant variability

Question 15

what was the aim of Stroop?

Answer 15

To examine how incongruency between the color the word represents, and the word’s font will impair the ability to name the color.

Question 16

what was the IV an DV in Stroop?

Answer 16

The independent variable (IV) was the congruency of the font name and color.
The dependent variable (DV) was reaction time (seconds) in reporting the word color.

Question 17

what were the results of Stroop?

Answer 17

Mean time to name the color of incongruent color words (110.3s) was more than twice the time to read the congruent color words (43.3s)

Question 18

what are two strengths of Stroop?

Answer 18

lab experiment- high internal validity- cofounding variable are controlled
repeated measured design

Question 19

what are two limitations of Stroop?

Answer 19

artificial-low ecological validity
order effect