Things you got wrong for Practice Exam

Question 1

Collection of millions of ganglion neurons that sends vast amounts of visual information, via the thalamus, to the brain

Answer 1

Optic nerve

Question 2

A multimodal stimulus produces a greater effect than if the same unimodial stimuli were combined. What is this phenomenon known as?

Answer 2

superadditive effect of multisensory integration

Question 3

The speedometer in a car has a black background with white numbers, and an orange pointer that indicates the speed at which you are driving. What process explains how your brain sees that orange hand?

a. The left and right cerebral hemispheres employ activation of all four lobes to determine what the eyes have received.

b. The information that travels from your left eye is analyzed by the brain’s occipital lobe, while information from the right eye travels to the parietal lobe.

c. The brain compares the visual stimulus to memories and past experiences, and is processed in the hippocampus.

d. Your brain uses the structures of the limbic system to determine whether parts of the speedometer are symmetrical.

e. Your brain assess the contrast in the light coming from the orange hand and the light coming from the back background.

Answer 3

Your brain assesses the contrast in the light coming from the orange hand and the light coming from the black background.

Question 4

These emotions are fundamental for learning. (4)

Answer 4

surprise
interest
confusion
awe

Question 5

Which of the following is a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are then transmitted to children?

Answer 5

epigenetics

Question 6

Brian is listening to his son, Abel, talk about what he did in school today. Suddenly Brian has difficulty hearing the story because Abel’s brother–who has a very similar voice–starts talking on the telephone nearby. Which phenomenon describes Brian’s difficulty?

Answer 6

auditory shadowing

Question 7

Mathilda is studying the parts of the brain and their various functions. When she gets to the sense of hearing, she should probably realize that the primary auditory centers are located in the ______ lobes of her brain.

Answer 7

temporal

Question 8

The electrostatic charge within a neuron must reach the ______before the neuron will fire.

Answer 8

threshold of excitation

Question 9

The area of the brain associated with somatosensory and gustatory sensation is:

Answer 9

Parietal Lobe

Question 10

Seroquel is a drug that decreases the effect of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine at synapses. For that reason, this drug could be considered a(n) ______.

Answer 10

antagonist

Question 11

Making a p-value smaller ______ the chance of a type II error.

Answer 11

decreases

Question 12

The saying the “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” represents to philosophy of ______ psychology.

Answer 12

Gestalt

Question 13

Inductive reasoning is based on data from ______ .

Answer 13

samples

Question 14

Marla is wondering about why they prefer a burger and milkshake over a salad and water. You have evidence-based insight! In PSYC100, you learned that this is an example of ___________.

Answer 14

a reproductive adaptation

Question 15

Lindy’s parents are always yelling at her to put her hockey equipment away (it stinks!).

a. Lindy’s parents should just put it away for her, so that Lindy learns to appreciate a tidy environment

b. When Lindy puts her gear away and the yelling stops, Lindy is negatively reinforced

c. The nagging punishes Lindy and makes it less likely that she will put her hockey gear away

d. If Lindy’s parents take away her allowance, Lindy will be negatively reinforced

Answer 15

The nagging punishes Lindy and makes it less likely that she will put her hockey gear away

Question 16

Your grandfather is reflecting on how computer graphics have dramatically improved over the years. He notes that early on, images were very pixelated (you could see the many tiny boxes of colour that made up the image). He reflects on how interesting it was—even though computer images were very clearly made up of many tiny boxes of colour, the image was obvious. Excitedly, you think to your PSYC100 content and explain that this is a demonstration of this principle

Answer 16

Gestalt Principles

Question 17

There are several features of a good scientific theory. Which of the following is one of these features?

a) Complexity: good theories are complicated because life is complicated

b) Simplicity: an easy-to-understand theory is the best

c) Adaptability: good theories change on an on-going basis

d) Non-controversial: good theories do not offend anyone

Answer 17

Simplicity: an easy-to-understand theory is the best

Question 18

Tim is a student studying how colour intensity of objects impacts peoples’ perceptions of those objects. What is Tim likely studying?

a) psychophysics

b) behavioral genetics

c) neurocognition

d) biological psychology

Answer 18

psychophysics

Question 19

Dr. Hans is studying a previously-undiscovered species of lizards, the lizalot, which decorates its habitat with rocks. She noticed that females preferred as mates those males that used a rare kind of purple rock, rather than more common rocks of other colours. Applying principles from evolutionary psychology, what is the most likely explanation for the females’ preference?

a) The fact that the male invested in obtaining rare rocks is a sign he would also invest more in his offspring.

b) The lizalot finds those rare rocks more beautiful and wants to be around them.

c) The ability to obtain rare things is a heuristic for male fitness.

d) Good taste is a heritable trait that females want to pass onto their offspring.

Answer 19

The ability to obtain rare things is a heuristic for male fitness.

Question 20

Wanda wants to measure the peripheral nervous system. What measure should she NOT use?

a) Electromyography

b) Heart rate

c) Skin conductance

d) Electroencephalography

Answer 20

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 21

George hates snakes and is very scared of them. One day he is walking along the beach with his friend and a piece of driftwood shifts in the sand, prompting George to scream, thinking it was a snake. Which of the following component of George’s nervous system is likely to be activated?

a) The sympathetic nervous system

b) The central nervous system

c) The autonomic nervous system

d) The parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 21

The sympathetic nervous system

Question 22

If a patient who has had their corpus collosum severed is asked to identify an object presented to only their right visual field, which of the following is true?

a) they will be able to identify the object verbally

b) they will only be able to identify the object with a right-handed button-press

c) they will not be able to identify the object verbally

d) the right and left hemispheres will be in competition with one another

Answer 22

they will be able to identify the object verbally

Question 23

Jackie’s approach to science is very influenced by Pavlov. Jackie’s scientific work is based only on overt behaviours that can be clearly observed. Jackie does not study “the mind.” What type of scientific approach does Jackie use?

Answer 23

behaviourism

Question 24

Anja just got a new smart watch that provides an award notification every time Anja walks 1000 steps. What type of reinforcement schedule is the watch using?

Answer 24

Fixed ratio

Question 25

Neurotransmitters and hormones commonly both depend on:

Question options:

a) Electrical signals

b) Pre-determined pathways for transport within the body

c) The Circulatory System

d) Chemical signals

Answer 25

Chemical signals

Question 26

Kim loves to go camping. As one of her personal hobbies, she likes to chart how the stars move through the night sky. She notices that throughout the seasons, the night sky changes. Kim is clearly a proponent of ________, which emphasizes observation and personal experience.

Answer 26

Empiricism

Question 27

Jack is experiencing symptoms from Parkinson’s Disease. What neurotransmitter is most likely involved in his symptoms?

Answer 27

Dopamine deficiency

Question 28

DNA methylation is important when studying epigenetics, especially because it may broadly impact human brain development. Methylation of DNA in gene regulatory regions (promoter and enhancer regions) usually results in ______ and ____.

a) gene silencing; reduced gene expression

b) increased gene production; increase in undesirable adaptations

c) gene silencing; increased gene expression

d) DNA methylation is not related to the rate of gene expression

Answer 28

gene silencing; reduced gene expression

Question 29

In your Week 5 lab, you learned about functional impairments that are associated with damage to various brain regions. Based on the case below, what region in the brain is most likely damaged? “A patient had a hit to the head, and is experiencing challenges with language. Specifically, the patient is no longer able to understand language.”

Answer 29

Temporal lobe

Question 30

In a hypothetical species, the Gorlobians, sexual partners are chosen based on kindness. That is, Gorlobians who are kind are more likely to attract a mate. What type of sexual selection best describes this phenomenon?

a) Intersexual Selection

b) Adaptive Sexual Selection

c) Introsexual Selection

d) Intrasexual Selection

Answer 30

Intersexual Selection

Question 31

Kourtney figures that a new cellphone must be really good because Kim, Kendall, and Kylie are all buying one. What type of logical reasoning is Kourtney using?

Answer 31

Inductive reasoning

Question 32

Jo is training their new puppy, and is trying to apply principles of operant conditioning to have the best training outcomes. Jo is worried about picking “the best” reinforcer for training their puppy. Based on what you learned in PSYC100, what reinforcer would you recommend?

a) dogs are naturally carnivores, and so meat-based treats are best

b) any consequence that follows a behavior will work, as long as the dog has choice

c) any consequence of a behavior that for this puppy strengthens the behavior, or increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be performed again

d) any consequence of a behavior that for this puppy weakens the behaviour, or decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will be performed again.

Answer 32

any consequence of a behavior that for this puppy strengthens the behavior, or increases the likelihood that the behavior will be performed again

Question 33

It is clear that there is no debate: nature and nurture interact. In order to better understand genetic and environmental contributions to various constructs of interest, psychological scientists may conduct twin studies. Which of the following twin study design provides the best insight into the relative contributions of genes and environment?

a) By comparing monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins who are raised together against monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins who are raised apart

b) By comparing monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins who are raised apart

c) By comparing monozygotic (identical) twins who are raised together against monozygotic (identical) twins who are raised apart

d) By comparing monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins who are raised together

Answer 33

By comparing monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins who are raised together against monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins who are raised apart

Question 34

Kelsie is studying neurons, and is curious about whether she can speed up action potentials. Given her area of interest, what should Kelsie most likely explore first?

a) Mylenation of neurons

b) Size of soma

c) Number of dendrites

d) Number of axon terminals

Answer 34

Myelination of neurons

Question 35

Many evolutionary theories focus on heteronormative relationships. In Dr. van Ander’s video, she suggests that strong evolutionary theories in psychology attend to:

Answer 35

reproductive fitness

Question 36

Someone on the internet made a post claiming that “Video games cause bullying” due to a positive relationship found between how much people play video games and bullying behaviours in school. In response, someone argued this interpretation was incorrect, because they thought amount of time spent alone was influencing both video game time and bullying behaviours. Their alternative explanation would be an example of:

a) an illusory correlation

b) a reverse correlation

c) a negative correlation

d) a third variable

Answer 36

a third variable

Question 37

When a neuron is at rest, _________ is higher inside of the neuron as compared to when it is not at rest.

Answer 37

Sodium

Question 38

Terry is studying how neurons communicate. They learn that neurons fire when the threshold of excitation reaches -70mV, and that Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs) and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs) work together to reach the threshold of excitation. In what way do they work together?

Answer 38

they summate

Question 39

Joey is doing research to see what types of stimuli trigger someone to begin smiling. What type of measurement is best for Joey’s dependent variable?

Answer 39

Electromyography (EMG)

Question 40

Jamal has brown eyes, and Pam has blue eyes. Eye colour, an observable characteristic, is a:

Answer 40

phenotype

Question 41

Fitness in evolutionary psychology refers to:

Answer 41

reproductive success

Question 42

Dr. Johnson wants to know what imaging technique is best to use when looking at their patient’s brain. They believe the patient has brain damage and they want to know where it is located. Based on what you know, which imaging technique should Dr. Johnson choose?

a) None of these image techniques will serve Dr. Johnson’s needs

b) fMRI because it has low spatial and temporal resolution

c) EEG because it has low spatial and high temporal resolution

d) fMRI because it has high spatial and low temporal resolution

Answer 42

fMRI because it has high spatial and temporal resolution

Question 43

Devin is creating a new theory to account for how everyday people can fall prey to misinformation on the internet. Importantly, his theory provides interesting new testable hypotheses. Based on the information provided, what property does Devin’s theory demonstrate?

a) Simplicity

b) Fruitfulness

c) Consistency

d) Accuracy

Answer 43

Fruitfulness

Question 44

The ______ nervous system includes nerves and neurons that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord, and facilitates communication to other parts of the body.

Answer 44

peripheral

Question 45

Irene has been having migraines lately and she goes to visit her doctor. Her doctor sends her to have a brain imaging test that will measure changes in the naturally occurring oxygen in the blood in her brain. Which type of procedure is Irene going to have?

a. electromyography (EMG)

b; diffuse optical imaging (DOI)

c. bilateral electroconvulsive viewing (BEV)

d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

e. positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 45

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 46

Which of the following brain imaging techniques provides the highest level of temporal resolution?

a. electromyography (EMG)

b. diffuse optical imaging (DOI)

c. bilateral electroconvulsive viewing (BEV)

d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

e. positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 46

electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 47

Morales is interested in studying how very small facial movements can be an early indicator of emotional response. Which measure would Dr. Morales likely use to measure very small facial movements?
Question options:

a. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

b. positron emission tomography (PET)

c. diffuse optical imaging (DOI)

d. electromyography (EMG)

e. bilateral electroconvulsive viewing (BEV)

Answer 47

electromyography (EMG)

Question 48

Which of the following is not a demonstration of inattentional blindness?
Question options:

a. When counting ball passes in a video, 50% of people did not report seeing a gorilla thump it’s chest in clear view of the camera

b. When monitoring black shapes (ignoring the white) moving on a computer monitor, 30% failed to detect a bright red cross going across the screen for 5 seconds.

c. When jogging behind an experimenter, 65% of participants failed to notice a staged fight scene.

d. When reading a textbook, most people skip unnecessary words to increase reading speed.

Answer 48

When reading a textbook, most people skip unnecessary words to increase reading speed.

Question 49

Modern televisions and computer monitors were developed on the basis of the trichromatic colour theory, using three colour elements placed close enough together that the colours are blended by the eye. The field of psychology that engages in work like this is known as:

Answer 49

Human Factors

Question 50

Despite a lot of research demonstrating otherwise, 78% of respondents to a National US survey agreed with the statement, “People generally notice when something unexpected enters their field of view, even when they’re paying attention to something else.” What is not suggested by your chapter as a way to reduce inattentional blindness?

a. Avoid distractions

b. Try to pay attention to what which others might not notice

c. There is not much you can do to reduce inattentional blindness

d. Practice with apps that train attention

Answer 50

There is not much you can do to reduce inattentional blindness

Question 51

People who are warned that they are about to taste something bad rate what they do taste more negatively than people who are told that the taste won’t be so bad (Nitschke et al., 2006), and people perceive a child and adult pair as looking more alike when they are told that they are parent and child (Bressan & Dal Martello, 2002). Examples of research such as these support the assertion that:

a. Expectations influence our sensation

b. Humans are poor at interpreting information

c. Perception is objective

d. Expectations influence our perception

Answer 51

Expectations influence our sensation

Question 52

What was a general concern with Broadbent’s Filter Model, Treisman’s Attenuation Model, and Late Selection Models?

Answer 52

they were not falsifiable.

Question 53

You hear a song on the radio that you loved when you were in grade 6. It was popular at the same time as a few other songs that you really liked. You try to recall the name of the band that sings the song playing, but you cannot retrieve it. What does this scenario demonstrate?

Answer 53

Cueing

Question 54

You are shopping at a convenience store when you witness a woman robbing the cash register. Under which circumstance will you be most likely to have memory errors of the event when you are later questioned by police officers?
Question options:

a. If you are with your friends and you all discuss the robbery after it occurs.

b. If you are questioned by a female police officer immediately after the robber.

c. If you have worked as a cashier in the past.

d. If you immediately call someone and tell them exactly what you saw.

e. If you have witnessed a similar crime in the past.

Answer 54

f you are with your friends and you all discuss the robbery after it occurs.

Question 55

How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypotheses in psychological research?
Question options:

a. The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher.

b. The research method being used will depend on the number of research participants that have been recruited for the study.

c. The source of the financial support for the research will tell the researcher what type of methodology to employ in the study.

d. The method that is used should be determined by what the researcher feels is her strongest area of expertise and knowledge.

e. The best type of research will always be an experiment, since it is the method with the greatest chance of getting published.

Answer 55

The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher.

Question 56

A person with ______ blindness might report that they cannot see anything even though the structures of their eyes are undamaged and work perfectly.

Answer 56

cortical

Question 57

Which of the following is a cost of low awareness?
Question options:

a. It uses mental effort

b. It is associated with higher rates of forgetting

c. It weakens the immune system

d. It can be influenced by subtle factors

e. It allows better focus

Answer 57

It is associated with higher rates of forgetting.

Question 58

A peculiar condition called ______ is demonstrated when a person can analyze and respond to visual events even though they have no conscious awareness of having seen the stimuli.

Answer 58

blindsight