Attention and Memory Week 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory interaction

A

The working together of different senses to create experience

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2
Q

synethesia

A

An experience in which one sensation (e.g., hearing a sound) creates experiences in another (e.g., vision).

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3
Q

selective attention

A

The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information.

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

cocktail party phenomenonon

A

The experience of being at a party and talking to someone in one part of the room, when suddenly you hear your name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room

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6
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation.
- cold swimming pool stops feeling cold

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7
Q

habituation

A

loud traffic outside apartment not noticeable

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8
Q

saccades

A

Quick, simultaneous movements of the eyes

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9
Q

perceptual consistancy

A

The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation

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10
Q

illusions

A

Occur when the perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that does not exist or that is incorrect.

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11
Q

Mueller-Lyer illusion

A

The line segment in the bottom arrow looks longer to us than the one on the top, even though they are both actually the same length

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12
Q

moon illusion

A

The fact that the moon is perceived to be about 50% larger when it is near the horizon than when it is seen overhead, despite the fact that in both cases the moon is the same size and casts the same size retinal image

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13
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

length of yellow lines on rail road

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14
Q

embodied

A

Built into and linked with our cognition

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15
Q

Human factors field

A

field of psychology that uses psychological knowledge, including the principles of sensation and perception, to improve the development of technology.

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16
Q

Describe how sensation and perception work together through sensory interaction, selective attention, sensory adaptation, and perceptual constancy.

Give examples of how our expectations may influence our perception, resulting in illusions and potentially inaccurate judgments.

A
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17
Q

William James attention

A

the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.

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18
Q

limited capacity

A

The notion that humans have limited mental resources that can be used at a given time.

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19
Q

divided attention

A

The ability to flexibly allocate attentional resources between two or more concurrent tasks.

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20
Q

selective attention

A

The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information.

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21
Q

dichotic listening

A

An experimental task in which two messages are presented to different ears.

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22
Q

shadowing

A

A task in which the individual is asked to repeat an auditory message as it is presented.

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23
Q

Broadbent’s 1958 Filter Model

A

He found that people select information on the basis of physical features: the sensory channel (or ear) that a message was coming in, the pitch of the voice, the color or font of a visual message.

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24
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model

A

you tend to hear meaningful information even when you aren’t paying attention to it, suggest that we do monitor the unattended information to some degree on the basis of its meaning.

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25
Q

Deutsch (1963) Late Selection Models

A

all information in the unattended ear is processed on the basis of meaning, not just the selected or highly pertinent information. However, only the information that is relevant for the task response gets into conscious awareness.

26
Q

subliminal perception

A

stimuli presented below the threshold for awareness can influence thoughts, feelings, or actions

27
Q

What was a general concern with Broadbent’s Filter Model, Treisman’s Attenuation Model, and Late Selection Models?

A

They lacked the ability to account for all of the data
solution: multimodal

28
Q

The percentage of people who can truly perform cognitive tasks without impairing their driving performance is estimated to be about:

A

2%

29
Q

Understand why selective attention is important and how it can be studied.

Learn about different models of when and how selection can occur.

Understand how divided attention or multitasking is studied, and implications of multitasking in situations such as distracted driving.

A
30
Q

dichotic listening

A

An experimental task in which two messages are presented to different ears.

31
Q

selective listening

A

A method for studying selective attention in which people focus attention on one auditory stream of information while deliberately ignoring other auditory information.

32
Q

inattentional blindness

A

The failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected, object or event when attention is devoted to something else.

33
Q

inattentional deafness

A

The auditory analog of inattentional blindness. People fail to notice an unexpected sound or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene.

34
Q

Learn about inattentional blindness and why it occurs.

Identify ways in which failures of awareness are counterintuitive.

Better understand the link between focused attention and failures of awareness.

A
35
Q

What are the two types of memory

A

implicit
explicit

36
Q

Three major memory stages
(Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)

A

sensory
short-term
long-term

37
Q

long term memory

A

storage of information over an extended period

38
Q

explicit memory

A

knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered

39
Q

two types of explicit memory

A

episodic
semantic

40
Q

episodic memory

A

The ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one’s life.

41
Q

semantic memory

A

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have.

42
Q

recall memory

A

a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered

43
Q

recognition memory test

A

a measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before

44
Q

relearning

A

assess how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten

45
Q

implicit memory

A

A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s the type of memory one makes without intent.

46
Q

procedural memory

A

our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things

47
Q

classical conditioning effects

A

we learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli (such as a sound or a light) with another stimulus (such as food), which creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation

48
Q

Priming

A

the activation of certain thoughts or feelings that make them easier to think of and act upon

49
Q

iconic memory

A

Visual sensory memory

50
Q

echoic memory

A

Auditory sensory memory

51
Q

eidetic memory

A

When people can report details of an image over long periods of time (also known as photographic memory)

52
Q

short term memory (STM)

A

the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute

53
Q

working memory

A

The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation.

54
Q

central executive

A

the part of working memory that directs attention and processing

55
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory.

56
Q

chunking

A

the process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM

57
Q

____________ refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered.
____________ refers to the firsthand experiences that we have had.
_____________ refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world.

A

Explicit memory

Episodic memory

Semantic memory

58
Q

The three types of implicit memory are (3)

A

procedural memory
classical conditioning and
priming.

59
Q

____________ is the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory

A

maintenance rehearsal

60
Q

Compare and contrast explicit and implicit memory, identifying the features that define each.

Explain the function and duration of eidetic and echoic memories.

Summarize the capacities of short-term memory and explain how working memory is used to process information in it.

A