Important People Flashcards
Dr. Edward Jenner
“Father of immunology”
- First to conceive & test vaccinations
Fritz Haber & Norman Borlaug
“Green Revolution”
- hybrid agriculture crops
- synthetic fertilizer
Francis Golton
Invented self-report questionnaire
- Cousin of Charles Darwin
- patches of colour test
- judge distances
Karl Popper
concept of falsification
- In science, the ability of a claim to be tested and—possibly—refuted; a defining feature of science.
Thomas Kuhn
science based on personal values, not objective
John Loche & Thomas Reid philosophers of which theory?
Empiricism
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
- based on experience & and observation
Hermon von Helmholtz
measured the speed of neural impulses
- An electro-chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate.
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of Experimental Psychology
German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened the first psychology research laboratory in 1879
Edward Bradford Titchener
- Brought psychology to America
- Student of Wundt
- Structuralism
- Made his own group called the Society of of Experimental Psychologists
Margaret Floy Washburn (Student to Titchener)
First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)
William James, G. Stanley Hall, and James McKeen Cattell were part of which theory?
Functionalism
William James
Wrote the first influential textbook on psychology, called Principles of Psychology (1890), a leading psychologist in the Functionalism movement, which emphasized the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness.
Mary Whiton Calkins (Student to James)
First female president of the APA
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
- American Journal of Psychology (first journal)
- Founded the APA
- Hosted Freud’s only visit to America
- Wrote on child development and education
- Mentored Francis Cecil Sumner (First African American Psych PHD)
Francis Cecil Sumner
First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology
James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944)
spent his career looking at individual differences and the idea that intelligence was inherited and could be measured. Many of his ideas were aligned with the eugenics movement (selective breeding).
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behaviour into discrete structures
Wertheimer and his colleagues Kurt Koffka (1886- 1941), Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967), and Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) believed what theory?
Gestalt Psychology
- believed that studying the whole of any experience was richer
- “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner studied what theory?
Behaviourism
- rejects reference to mind
- observes overt and observable behaviour
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Behaviourism
- founder of classical conditioning
Frederic C. Bartlett (1886-1969)
The constructive mind
- use of past experiences to understand new experiences
Jerome Bruner
conducted pioneering studies on cognitive aspects of sensation and perception
Roger Brown (1925-1997)
research on language and memory
- Flashbulb memory
- figured out how to study the “tip of the tongue phenomenon”
George Miller
made famous the phrase: “the magical number 7, plus or minus 2” when describing human short-term (working) memory
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
Developed the first test to classify children’s abilities using the concept of ‘mental age’.
- intelligence testing
Henry Goddard (1866-1957) and Lewis Terman (1877-1956)
introduced and standardized Binet’s Intelligence testing to America
Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) contributions
- employee selection
- Eyewitness testimony
- Psychotherapy
Walter D. Scott (1869-1955) and Harry Hollingworth (1880-1956)
- og work on the psychology of advertising and marketing
Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)
Industrial & Engineering Psychology
- Psychology of efficiency
- work with Husband Frank
- promoted time & motion -> improve efficiency
- designed kitchen, appliances, ex. pop-up trashcan, refrigerator door shelving
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)
The founder of the field of clinical psychology, the first psychological clinic, and the first journal devoted to clinical psychology
- studied sensation & perception
- founder of school psychology
Helen Thompson Woolley (1874-1947) and Leta
S. Hollingworth (1886-1939) studied the psychology of…
sex differences
- combat social issue of marginalized women
Helen Thompson Woolley (1874-1947)
proved in her study that emotions did not influence women’s decisions more than men
Leta S. Hollingworth (1886-1939)
menstruation did not negatively impact women’s cognitive or motor abilities
Mamie Phipps Clark (1917-1983) and her husband Kenneth Clark (1914-2005) studied the psychology of…
race.
- proved school segregation negatively impacted the self-esteem of African-American children.
Evelyn Hooker (1907-1996)
no significant differences in psychological adjustment between homosexual and heterosexual men.
- this find led to the removal of homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973
Ramsey & Schafer (2002) investigated what based on the Amabile (1985) study
intrinsic or extrinsic motivated people displayed more creativity?
more creative people were fueled by Intrinsic motivation
Keith Stanovich
Difficulty forming conclusions due to considerable variability and overlap
“the Achilles heel of human cognition.”
Uri Geller
Israeli magician who claimed to have supernatural psychic powers
- I can bend spoons
- No you can’t
Professor Elizabeth Dunn (2008)
Spending money makes us happy study
- on yourself or others?
- Others!
Sigmund Freud
founder father of psychoanalysis
King & Nappa (1998) survey
Happy people put themselves in heaven
LeeAnn Harker and Dacher Keltner (2001) survey
smiling correlated to being married ten years later
Social Psychologist, Lewin K.
“Experimentation in the laboratory occurs, socially speaking, on an island quite isolated from the life of society”
Stone, Reed, and Neale self-report checked…
experiences surrounding a respiratory infection
Killingsworth and Gilbert
happiness during effective working state of mind vs multitasking / surfing internet state of mind
Studying daily behaviour - Mehl
What is EAR?
What did Mehl debunk?
recording device placed on the participants
Electronically activated recorder
Women talk more than men
Ramírez-Esparza used EAR for?
Studying sociability in the United States and Mexico
Even though Americans rate themselves are more chatty, in truth Mexicans spoke more
Wilhelm and Grossman on laboratory stressors
Found that lab stressors could reveal a lesser reaction than stressors at home
Lane, Zareba, Reis, Peterson, and Moss 2011
How can emotional experiences can alter cardiac function?
- studied high-risk patients with heart abnormalities
Smyth 1998
examined cortisol (stress hormone) release
- positive emotions = less stress
- negative emotions = more stress
Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker 2004
9 11
Blogs before and after incident
- After two weeks of increase use of negative emotions and online engagement, bloggers returned to baseline routine
Bond 2012
effect peer feedback has on voting behaviour
Mortensen and Cialdini 2010
Define full cycle psychology
A scientific approach whereby researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with laboratory experimentation to verify the effect and isolate the causal mechanisms, and return to field research to corroborate their experimental findings.
Francis Galton
Nature-nurture
interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement
Charles Darwin sexual selection theory
the evolution of characteristics, not because of survival advantage, but because of mating advantage.
Jenkins 1979 four classifications of learning and memory
learners
encoding activities
materials
retrieval
Define working memory
The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation.
Kyllonen & Christal,1990
better working memory = better reasoning skills
Daneman & Carpenter,1980
better working memory = better reading comprehension
Kane, Conway, Hambrick, & Engle, 2008
better working memory = better control of attention
Nairne, Pandeirada, and Thompson (2008)
that survival processing:
“thinking about and rating each word in a list for its relevance in a survival scenario”
led to much higher recall and encoding than intentional learning
Pavlov study
Classical Conditioning
Dog & bell
Ring bell when meal time
Dog drewel
Ring bell
Dog drewel
studied by Edward Thorndike, and later extended by B. F. Skinner
Instrumental / Operant conditioning
Thorndike’s law of effect
The idea that instrumental or operant responses are influenced by their effects. Responses that are followed by a pleasant state of affairs will be strengthened and those that are followed by discomfort will be weakened. Nowadays, the term refers to the idea that operant or instrumental behaviors are lawfully controlled by their consequences.
Define cognitive dissonence
two different beliefs and you don’t know
Define psychodynamic approach
influence of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories on behaviour
Primary function of myelin
speed up electrical impulse down axon
participant demand
subject acts accordingly to what they think researcher wants
placebo affect
a beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment, which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient’s belief in that treatment.
Cereal position effect
memorize first and last terms better than middle
Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
The theory that people can learn new responses and behaviors by observing the behavior of others.
Appraisal theories (Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003; Lazarus, 1991)
Evaluations that relate what is happening in the environment to people’s values, goals, and beliefs. Appraisal theories of emotion contend that emotions are caused by patterns of appraisals, such as whether an event furthers or hinders a goal and whether an event can be coped with.
