Multi-Step Processes Flashcards
Essential elements of science
1) Systematic observation is the core of science
- scientists use controlled conditions, empirical methods
2) Observation leads to hypotheses we can test
3) Science is democratic
- form your own opinions and debate conclusions
4) Science is cumulative
- learn from important truths of past scientists and build on them
Ethics of Scientific psychology
1) informed consent: people should know what research is involved
2) confidentiality: private not public
3) privacy: no private documents should be asked / research not conducted in the bedroom
4) outlining the benefits and the risks: is it worth it
5) deception: debrief on deception afterwards
features of a scientific theory
Accuracy
Consistency
Scope
Simplicity
Fruitfulness
Canadian Psych Association Code of Ethics
Respect for the dignity of persons & peoples
Responsible caring
Integrity in relationships
Responsibility to society
Key components to statistical investigation
Planning the study: ask a testable research question, how to collect data
Examining the data: How? Graphs, stats. Relevant data reveals what?
Inferring from the data: what are valid methods to draw inferences BEYOND data collected
Drawing conclusions: who do these conclusions apply to? Cause-and-effect conclusion?
Two fundamental aspects of Statistical Thinking
- Data Vary. Values of a variable vary.
2: Distribution of the variable offers insights.
The scientific method of statistical thinking HDCAR
Hypothesis
Design Study
Conduct Study
Analyze data
Report results
Five research methods for studying daily life
- Collecting usage data via smartphones
- Sampling daily experiences
- Sampling daily behaviour
- Sampling daily physiology
- Sampling online behaviour
Real-world, subtle measures for assessing behaviour
Personality type correlation to room design
professional space design such as office desk
garbage analysis
List examples of biological signals we can record with portable devices
electrocardiogram (ECG)
blood pressure
electrodermal activity (or “sweat response”)
body temperature
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Philosophy & Science intersect with these three problems
mind-body problem
free will problem
nature-nurture problem
Define zygote + Difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Zygote: fertilized egg
Monozygotic
- identical
- single zygote
- have 100% same DNA
Dizygotic
- fraternal
- two zygotes
- share 50% DNA
What are the two large classes of adaptations?
- Survival adaptations: fight hostile forces of nature for physical survival
- Reproduction adaptations:
- get mogged
- what makes you attractive?
Two ways genes boost their own replicative success
- influence the odds for survival and reproduction
- Genes can also influence the organism to help other organisms who also likely contain those genes
- attractive always attractive which breed more attractive
- blood helps own blood
DNA is composed of four types of naturally occurring nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C).
What are histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs)
HATs are enzymes that transfer acetyl groups to specific positions on histone tails, promoting an “open” chromatin state and transcriptional activation. HDACs remove these acetyl groups, resulting in a “closed” chromatin state and transcriptional repression.
Example
- Life experiences, like a stressful event in childhood, can cause the modification of histone proteins (pictured) to help adapt to one’s environment. For example, in response to a stressful event, histone modification of one’s DNA might occur to encourage a more cautions personality—in order to avoid future, stressful encounters.
Two benefits of forgetting
- Without forgetting, our minds would become cluttered with out-of-date or irrelevant information.
- forgetting is a prerequisite for more learning. Difficult learning activities lead to better learning long run
Two reasons for studying classical conditioning
- straightforward test of associative learning that can be used to study other, more complex behaviors
- Always occurring in our lives, its effects on behavior have important implications for understanding normal and disordered behavior in humans
four aspects of observational learning according to Social Learning Theory.
- attention—as, quite simply, one must pay attention to what s/he is observing in order to learn.
- retention: to learn one must be able to retain the behavior s/he is observing in memory.
- initiation, acknowledges that the learner must be able to execute (or initiate) the learned behavior.
- motivation to engage in observational learning. In our vignette, the child must want to learn how to play the game in order to properly engage in observational learning.
What are the four knowledge emotions
The family of knowledge emotions has four main members:
surprise,
interest,
confusion,
awe
