Things to Remember Flashcards
1
Q
What is the radial arm maze?
A
Measures spatial learning and memory in rats
2
Q
Who created the radial arm maze?
A
Olton and Samuelson in 1976
3
Q
What is The Morris water navigation task?
A
Used to study spatial learning and memory
4
Q
What lesion impairs spatial learning?
A
Hippocampal
5
Q
What are some ways of testing spatial learning in rats?
A
The Morris Water Navigation Task
T-Maze
6
Q
What is the Latent Inhibition Test?
A
Tests for sensorimotor gating.
7
Q
Define Latent inhibition
A
An animal’s unconscious capacity to ignore stimuli that experience shows is irrelevant to its needs
8
Q
What test shows learned helplessness?
A
Yoked Shock Test
9
Q
What test shows the effect of antidepressants on the behaviour of lab animals?
A
Behavioural despair test/Porsolt Test/Forced swimming test
10
Q
Normal range for Carbamazepine
A
> 7mg/L
11
Q
Normal value for Sodium Valproate
A
50-100mg/L
12
Q
Normal value for Phenytoin
A
10-20mg/L
13
Q
Normal value for Amitriptyline
A
100-200 micrograms/L
14
Q
Features of Preoperational stage
A
Deferred imitation Symbolic Play Drawing Mental Imagery Language Semiotic functioning - uses symbols
15
Q
When do primary circular reactions occur?
A
Sensoriomotor - 2-5 months
16
Q
What is primary circular reaction?
A
Involve infants own body only
17
Q
When do secondary circular reactions occur
A
5-9 months
18
Q
What are secondary circular reactions?
A
Behaviour involves external objects
19
Q
When do tertiary circular reactions occur?
A
12-18 months
20
Q
What are tertiary circular reactions?
A
Experiments with different effects of same behaviour
21
Q
When does phenomenalistic causality occur?
A
Preoperational stage
22
Q
When does Syllogistic Reasoning occur?
A
Concrete Operational
23
Q
What is increased in CSF compared to Blood?
A
Mg
Cl
24
Q
What is the same in both CSF and blood?
A
Na
25
What is discredited stigma?
Individual assumes their difference is already known/evident
26
What is discreditable stigma?
Individual assumes their stigma is neither known about nor immediately perceiveable
27
% risk of Uncle/aunt developing schizophrenia
2%
28
% risk of neice/nephew developing schizophrenia
4%
29
% risk of grandchild developing schizophrenia
5%
30
% chance of identical twins developing schizophrenia
48%
31
% change of children developing schizophrenia
13%
32
% chance of sibling developing schizophrenia
9%
33
% chance of fraternal twin developing schizophrenia
46%
34
% chance of child of both parents with schizophrenia developing the condition
46%
35
% chance of child of one parent developing schizophrenia
13%
36
Name the secondary amines
Desimipramine
Nortriptyline
Protryptiline
Amoxapine
37
Who will be unaffected in X-linked dominant?
Sons of a man with the disease
38
Who will be unaffected in X-linked recessive?
Son from father
39
Who do sons receive their X chromosome from?
Mother
40
Which CN travel through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III-VI
41
Which CN travel through the internal auditory canal?
VII-VIII
42
Which CN travel through the jugular foramen?
IX-XI
43
Antidepressants for nocturnal enuresis in children?
Amitriptyline
Imipramine
Nortriptyline
44
Antidepressants for phobic and obsessional states?
Clomimipramine
45
Antidepressants for Narcolepsy?
Comimipramine
46
Antidepressants for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
```
Citalopram
Escitalopram
Sertraline
Paroxetine
Venlafaxine
```
47
Antidepressants for Social Anxiety
```
Escitalopram
Paroxetine
Sertraline
Moclobemide
Venlafaxine
```
48
Antidepressants for GAD
Escitalopram
Paroxetine
Duloxetine
Venlafaxine
49
Antidepressants for OCD
```
Escitalopram
Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Paroxetine
Sertraline
```
50
Antidepressants for Bulimia
Fluoxetine
51
Antidepressants for PTSD
Paroxetine
| Sertraline
52
What is Anwesenheit?
Feeling of something or some preson
53
What is Telepsia?
Seeing objects far away
54
What characterises Cortical Dementias?
Impaired memory
Impaired visuospatial ability
Impaired executive function
Impaired language
55
Name some Cortical Dementias
Alzheimers
Picks Disease
CJD
56
What characterises subcortical dementias?
Generalised slowing of mental processes
Personality change
Mood disorders
Presence of abnormal movements
57
Name some subcortical dementias
Binswanger's disease
Dementia associated Huntington's disease
Dementia associated AIDS
Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease
Dementia associated with Wilson's disease
Dementia associated with progressive supranuclear palsy
58
Aim of Trust vs Mistrust?
Hope
59
Aim of Autonomy v Same?
Will
60
Aim of Initiative v Guilt?
Purpose
61
Aim of Industry vs Inferiority?
Competence
62
Aim of Identity v Role Confusion?
Fidelity
63
Aim of Intimacy v Isolation
Love
64
Aim of Generativity v Stagnation
Care
65
Aim of Integrity v Despair
Wisdom
66
Inducers of CYP450
```
Smoking
Alcohol
Barbituates
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
St Johns Worst
```
67
Inhibitors of CYp450
Chlorpromazine
SSRIs
Grapefruit Juice
68
Which gyrus is important for dreaming?
Lingual gyrus
69
Where is the lingual gyrus?
Occipital Lobe
70
Which gyrus is important for episodic memory?
Dentate gyrus
71
What does the Prosencephalon differentiate into?
Telencephalon
| Diencephalon
72
What does the Telencephalon form?
Cerebrum
Striatum
Pallidum
73
What does the Diencephalon form?
```
Hypothalamus
Subthamus
Epithalamus
Thalamus
Pineal Body
```
74
What are the two parts of the Mesencephalon?
Tectum
| Tegmentum
75
What is the Tectum made up of?
Superior & Inferior Colliculi
76
What is the Tegmentum made up of?
Red Nucleus
| Periaqueductal grey matter
77
What does the Rhombencephalon differentiate into?
Metencephalon
| Myelencephalon
78
What does the Metencephalon form?
Pons
| Rostral part of Medulla Oblongata
79
What does Myelencephalon form?
Caudal part of Medulla Oblongata
80
Declaration of Geneva?
Revision of Hippocratic Oath
81
Declaration of Helsinki?
Ethical principle of research in human subjects
82
Declaration of Tokyo?
Doctors should refuse to participate, condone or give permission for torture, degradation or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees
83
Decleration of Malta?
Guidance for treating people on hunger strike
84
Declaration of Lisbon?
International statement of the rights of patients
85
Where is PrP?
Chromosome 20
86
Where is BDNF?
Chromosome 11
87
Enzyme involved in Homcystinuria?
Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency
88
Enzyme involved in Tay Sachs disease?
Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A deficiency
89
Enzyme involved in Gauchers disease?
Glucosylceramidase deficiency
90
What travels through Foramen spinosum?
MMA
91
What travels through Foramen ovale?
Mandibular division of CN V
92
What travels through Foramen lacerum?
ICA
93
What travels through jugular foramen?
CN IX-XI
94
Where is the jugular foramen?
Posterior fossa
95
Chromosome of Wolf Heirschhorn syndrome?
4p deletion
96
Signs of Wolf Hierschhorn syndrome?
Greek warrior helmet
Cleft lip
Microcephaly
97
Chromosome of Retts?
Xq28
98
Chromosome of Rubinstein Taybi Syndrome?
16p
99
Signs of Rubinstein Taybi?
Friendly disposition?
100
Name of XYY?
Jacobs
101
Chromosome of Coffin Lowry?
Xp22
102
Signs of Coffin Lowry?
Short
Slanting eyes
Broad Nose
103
Chromosome of Niemann Picks Disease
11p15
104
Who stated the driving force of personality was striving for superiority?
Alfred Adler
105
Who created group dynamics?
Bion
106
Three parts of group dynamics
Fight or flight
Dependency
Pairing
107
Who created interpersonal therapy?
Harry Sullivan
108
Thorndike's law of effects
The tendency of an action to occur depends on the effect it has on the environment.
109
What is a Haplotype?
Set of DNA variations that are inherited together
110
What is a Karyotype?
Individual's collection of chromosomes
111
Withdrawl features of Cocaine and Amphetamine
Hypersomnia
Hyerphagia
Irritability/agitation
Vivid dreams
112
Withdrawal symptoms of MDMA/Ecstacy
Depression
Insomnia
Depersonalisation
Derealisation
113
Withdrawal syndrome of Cannabis
Insomnia
Irritability
Reduced appetite
114
Who found Isopronazid?
Kline
115
Who discovered the cheese effect of MAOIs?
Backwell
116
Who discovered Chlorpromazine?
Charpentier
117
Who discovered Imipramine?
Kuhn
118
Who discovered ECT?
Cerletti
119
Who coined the term antidepressant?
Lurie
120
Who discovered insulin shock therapy?
Sakel
121
Who discovered frontal leucotomy for schizophrenia?
Moniz
122
Who discvered Metrazol Therapy?
Meduna
123
Types of MSA
Shy-Drager
Striatonigral
Olivopontocerebellar
124
Macroscopic findings of MSA
Pallor of substantia nigra
Greenish discolouration and atrophy of the putamen
Cerebellar atrophy
125
Microscopic findings of MSA
Papp-Lantos bodies (alpha-synuclein inclusions in oligodendrocytes found in the substantia nigra, cerebellum, and basal ganglia)
126
Who created the terms of Acculturation?
John Berry
127
Who is the founder of Gestalt Psychology?
WIlliam Wundt
128
Poor metabolisers of CYP 2D6?
Backs
129
Jaw jerk CN?
CN V
130
Related mutations for Retts?
MECP2
131
Related mutations for suicidal behaviour?
TPH
132
Functions of Cingulate gyrus
Regulates aggressive behaviour
| Coordinates response to pain
133
Where is cingulate gyrus?
Medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere next to corpus callosum
134
Who coined Cognitive Heuristics?
Tversky
| Kahneman
135
What is anchoring and adjustment
Starting from initial value that is adjusted to yield final value.
E.g. For example in one study a mock jury was told to contemplate the harshest verdict first. The final verdict was found to be relatively harsh.
136
What enzyme does CYP 2D6 encode?
Debrisquine Hydroxylase
137
Where is oxytocin synthesised?
Paraventricular nucleus
138
Where is ADH synthesized?
Supraoptic nucleus
139
Name the projection tracts
```
Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
Corona Radiata
Internal capsule
Geniculocalcarine tract
```
140
Which tract connects motor cortex to brain stem and spinal cord?
Corticospinal
| Corticobulbar
141
What does Geniculocalcarine tract connect?
Lateral geniculate nucleus to occipital cortex
142
Name the Commissural tracts?
Corpus Callosum
| Anterior Commissure
143
What does anterior commissure connect?
Anterior fibres: olfactory bulbs &nuclei
Posterior fibres: middle & inferior temporal gyrus
144
Name the Association Fibres
Cingulum
Superior & Inferior Orbitofrontal fasciculus
Uncinate Fasciculus
Superior & Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
145
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
Superior Longitudinal Fascilulus
146
What does Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus connect?
Occipital & Temporal lobes
147
What does Arcuate Fasciculus connect?
Frontal lobe to Parietal, Temporal & Occipital lobes
148
What does Uncinate fasciculus connect?
Orbital & inferior frontal gyri of frontal lobe to anterior temporal lobe
149
What does Cingulum connect?
Portions of Frontal, Parietal and Temporal lobes
150
What are Papp Lantos Bodies?
Glial cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in CNS
151
What are Papp Lantos Bodies found in?
MSA
152
What are Asteroid bodies found in?
Sarcoidosis
| Berylliosis
153
How do Asteroid bodies appear?
Acidophilic
| Stellate inclusions in giant cells
154
How do Barr bodies appear
Dark staining mass in contact with nuclear membrance
155
Which conditions are Mallory bodies found in?
Alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis
Wilsons Disease
PBC
156
How do Mallory bodies appear?
Alcoholic hyalin
| Eosoniphilic intracytoplasmic includions in hepatocytes
157
What conditions are Schauman bodies found in
Sarcoidosis
| Berylliosis
158
How do Schauman bodies appear
Concentrically laminated inclusions in giant cells
159
What consitions are Cebra bodies found in?
Niemann-Pick disease
Tay Sachs
Any of the mucopolysaccharidoses
160
How do Zebra bodies appear?
Palisaded lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies in macrophages
161
What conditions are LE bodies/Hematoxylin bodies found in?
SLE
162
How do LE bodies appear?
Nuclei of damaged cels within bound anti-nuclear antbodies become homogenous and loose chromatin pattern
163
Which conditions do Verocay Bodies appear in?
Schwannoma
164
How do Verocay bodies appear?
Palisades of nuclei at end of fibrillar bundle
165
What are Kuru plaques found in?
Kuru
Gerstmann-Straussler Syndrome
CJD (sometimes)
166
What are Kuru plaques made of?
Host-encoded prion protein
167
Licensed drug for TD?
Tetrabenazine
168
What can increase levels of Lamotrigine?
Sertraline
| Valproate
169
Macroscopic findings in Huntingtons
Gyral atrophy in frontal and temporal lobs
170
Mutational link in ADHD?
DAT1
171
Type I reaction?
IgE mediated
172
TII reaction?
Cytotoxic - IgG/IgM binds to cell
173
TIII reaction?
Immune complex - drug-antibody complex
174
How do TII reactions manifest?
Blood abnormalities
175
How do TIII reactions manifest?
Fever
Rash
Urticaria
Vasculitis
176
TIV reaction?
Cell mediated
| MHC system presents drug molecules to T cells
177
Manifestation of TIV reaction?
Allergic contact dermatitis
| Rashes
178
EEG findings of TLE?
Localised 5-7 Hc
179
EEG findings of Myoclonic Epilepsy?
Polyspike
180
EEG finding of Metabolic infections?
Triphasic 1.5-3 second high voltage slow waves
181
EEG findings of Herpes Simplex?
Episodic discharges every 1-3 seconds
182
What is polarised delusion?
Delusion + fact mixed together
183
What is a juxtaposed delusion?
Delusion + fact exist together but do not ineract
184
What is autistic delusion?
No reality
| Patient lives in delusional world
185
Who coined the term group dynamics?
Bion
186
Function of unconscious in group dynamics?
Protect group from pain of reality
187
Groups in Group dynamics?
Working Group
| Basic Assumption Group
188
What is the working group?
Works well and gets job done
189
What is the basic assumption group?
Acts out primitive fantasies
| Prevents things from getting done
190
What is dependency in group dynamics?
Group turns to leader to protect them from anxiety
191
What is fight-flight in group dynamics?
Group acts as if there is an enemy who must be attacked or avoided.
192
What is Pairing in group dynamics?
Group acts as if answer lies in pairing of two members.
193
Hz of Sigma?
12-14Hz
194
Where is Sigma wave found?
Frontal and central regions
195
Another name for Sigma wave?
Sleep spindle
196
Hz of Gamma wave?
30-100 Hz
197
When do you see Gamma waves?
Meditation
198
Which Dopamine receptors are referred to as D1 like?
D1
| D5
199
What do D1 like receptors do?
Activate adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP
200
Which receptors are D2 like?
D2
D3
D4
201
What do D2 like receptors do?
Inhibits adenylate cyclase and therefore inhibits formation of cAMP
202
Spastic speech
Increased nasality
Stained, hoarse voice
Slow, imprecise articulation
Explosive, forceful
203
Flaccid speech
Breathy, nasal voice
| Imprecise consonants
204
Diseases which would give flaccid speech
Myasthenia Gravis
205
Hypokinetic speech
Breathy monotone
Quiet, reduced articulation
Fast, imprecise
206
Diseases which would give hypokinetic speech
Parkinsons
207
Hyperkinetic speech
Strained hoarseness
| Voice arrests
208
Diseases causing hyperkinetic speech
Huntingtons
Sydenham's chorea
Tardive Dyskinesia
209
Ataxic speech
Rapid
Monopitched
Slurred
210
Thurstone's argument for intelligence?
Inteligence arises from 7 factors:
```
Word fluency
Verbal comprehension
Spatial visualization
Number facility
Associative memory
Reasoning
Perceptual speed
```
211
Connections of Basal Ganglia
Cortex -> Striatum -> Internal segment of globus pallidus -> thalamus -> cortex
212
What does Wahnstimmung mean?
Delusional Mood?
213
What is the structural model?
Id
Ego
Superego
214
Risk factors for agranulocytosis
Asian
African
Female
Old Age
