Things to remember Flashcards
the distance between each key and the next is a
5th
d flat is enharmonic to
c sharp
g flat is enharmonic to
f sharp
c flat is enharmonic to
b
tonic
1/8
supertonic
2
mediant
3
subdominant
4
submediant
6
leading note
7
major scales
wwhwwwh
natural minor scales
semitones are between notes 2,3 and 5,6
harmonic minor
semitones are between notes 2,3 and 5,6 and 7,8
whole tone scales
7 notes, all whole steps
octatonic
alternating tones and semitones. has 9 notes.
blues scale
- use the major scale
- omit 2 and 6
- lower the 3 and 7
- add a lowered 5th.
- the changed notes are the blue notes
major pentatonic
major scale without 4 and 7
minor pentatonic
without 2 and 6
chromatic
go up all half steps. never use the same letter more than twice
ionian
same as major scale but using accidentals
dorian
starting on second degree of given name
phrygian
starting on third degree of given name
lydian
starting on fourth degree of given name
mixolydian
starting on fifth degree of given name
Aeolian
starting on sixth degree of given name
locrian
starting on seventh degree of given name
going from large intervals to compound intervals
add/subtract 7. eg. a perfect 2 is now a compound perfect 9
to invert a compound interval
write either bottom note two octaves higher or lower note or write the top one down an octave and the lower one above an octave.
simple duple time
upper number is always 2
simple triple time
upper number is always 3
simple quadruple
upper number is always 4
compound duple
two beats per measure. upper number is always 6 while lower can be 4,8 or 16
compound time
three pulses. represented by a dotted note.
compound triple time
upper number is always 9, lower can be 4,8 or 16
compound quadruple time
upper number is always 12, lower can be 4,8 or 16
hybrid duple
five pulses in two beats. can be a 3 +2 or 2 +3, upper number is always 5 while lower can be 2,4,8,16
hybrid triple
upper number is always 7 while lower can be 2,4,8,16
hybrid quadruple time
upper number is always 9,10,11 while lower can be 2,4,8,16
type
quality
degree
written in roman numerals and small roman if not major. only the perfect guys are major
major triads can be built on
Major: the first, fourth and fifth
Minor: the fifth and the 6th
minor triads can be built on
major: second, third, 6th
Minor: first and fourth
diminished triads can be built on
major: 7th
minor: 2nd and 7th
augmented triads can be built on
major: none
minor: third
augmented triads
major third and augmented 5th above root
diminished triads
minor 3rd and diminished 5th above root
triad
chord consisting of a root, 3rd and 5th
7th chord
chord consisting of a root, 3rd, 5th and 7th
quartal chord
chord built on a series of 4ths
cluster
chord consisting of a combination of at least three adjacent notes of any scale
polychord
combination of two or more different chords
perfect cadence
5-1
plagal cadence
4-1
imperfect cadence AKA half close
anything that starts on 1 or 4 and ends on 5
to write cadences in general
write notes of the required chords. the write the roots in the bass clef then write one of the notes in the treble and the notes below it. Rewrite the common tone in the next measure and repeat
alto clef
places “c” on the third line. the key signatures go down
tenor clef
places “c” on the fourth line, key signatures go up for sharps and down for flats
in a major scale, the 7th note is called
the leading tone
in a minor, natural scale, the 7th is called
the subtonic
in a minor, harmonic scale, the 7th is called
the leading tone
authentic cadence
5 to 1
half cadence
imperfect cadence (anything ending on v)
string quartet score
first violin: (treble)
second violin (treble)
viola (alto)
cello (bass)
has a giant bracket on it and is a 4 part score
double bar line at the end connecting all the scores
lines connect all measures together
modern vocal score
abbreviated as SATB
AKA chorale style
soprano: (treble)
alto (treble)
tenor (written one octave higher than the actual sound)
bass (in the bass clef)
sometimes tenor has a small number 8 to indicate octave transposition
there is text in this score sometimes
there is individual bar lines not connecting the score but there is a bracket at the beginning connecting them all
double bar line doesn’t connect at the end
short score
where voices are written as two staves. stems go up and down
open score
each instrumental voice is written on its own staff ex. string quartet score and modern vocal score
trumpet and clarinet transposition
written a major second higher than concert pitch so lower it a major second if going from transposition to concert pitch
french and english horn transposition
written a perfect fifth higher than concert pitch so lower it a major second if going from transposition to concert pitch
transposition
minor and major keys stay as they are
functional chord symbols
the I, II etc things. the 7 indicates a 7th chord
chorale style cadence
written in treble and bass where S and A are treble together. since there is four notes, double the tonic. if there is a common tone, it should stay in the same voice.
soprano voice range
from low c to high g
alto voice range
low low g to medium c
tenor voice range
bass clef c to low g in treble
bass voice range
bass from low e, to middle c in treble
parallel motion
when voices move in same direction maintaining the same intervals
similar motion
voices going same direction but changing intervals
contrary motion
voices move in opposite directions
oblique motion
occurs when one voice remains stationary and other moves
baroque era
1600-1750
classical era
1750-1825
romantic era
1825-1900
modern era
1900-present
Dm
D minor chord
D
d major chord
D+
d major augmented
D with a circle
d minor diminished
D7
d with an added 7th
scale degree numbers
written with a little hat ex 3 with a hat
major triad intervals
maj 3 anf per 5
augmented
maj 3, aug 5
minor triad
min 3 per 5
diminished triad
min 3, dim 5
seventh chord
root of triad and add a min 7th on top
be careful when writing intervals below notes
write the interval first, then asses
mnemonic for order of modes
I Don’t Particularly Like Modes A Lot
when is a breve rest used
full measure of silence in 4/2, 9/4 and 12/4
compound perfect intervals are
11,12 and 15
triplets are in the time of
2 eight notes
duplets are in the time of
three eight notes
quadruplets are in the time of
three eight
quintuplets are in the time of
three, 4 or 5 16th notes
sextuplets are in the time of
4 16th notes
septuplets
are in the time of 4 or 6 16th notes
root/quality chords
the Dm, e flat m things. a slash indicates an inversion for example, if it is a c chord inversion and the bottom note is e, it will be written as C/E
chords of major scale
major: 1,4,5
minor: 2,3,6
diminished: 7
chords of minor scale, natural form
major: 3,6,7
minor: 1,4,5
diminished: 2
chords of minor scale, harmonic form
major: 5,6
minor: 1,4
diminished: 2,7
augmented: 3
root position functional chord symbol
just roman numeral
first inversion functional chord symbol
roman numeral 6 at top
second inversion functional chord symbol
roman numeral with 6, 4 on top
dominant 7th chord root position functional chord symbol
roman numeral with a 7
dominant 7th chord 1st inversion functional chord symbol
roman with 6,5
dominant 7th chord second inversion functional chord symbol
roman with 4,3
dominant 7th chord 3rd inversion functional chord symbol
roman numeral 4,2
7th chords root quality chord symbols
written with a 7, if it is diminished, the circle comes before the 7
chorale style cadence
when the stems go up and down SATB style and the root must be doubled (usually the bass)
keyboard style cadence
just the simple chords and stuff
motives
short rhythmic melodies that are used as building blocks to create melodies
phrases
musical sentences, they always end with cadences
stable scale degrees
1 and 3. notes of tonic triad
unstable degrees
2 and 7 make it sound unfinished. notes of dominant triad
antecedent
the first phrase that ends on a unstable scale degree.
consequent
answer phrase, ends on stable degree
a
used to identify phrases that are exactly the same in a piece
a1
use to identify phrases that are similar to a but not exactly the same
b
contrasting phrase
parallel period
first two bars are the same, end on stable degree and
when asked for type
state major, minor, diminished etc.
passing tones
fill the gaps between chord notes resulting in stepwise motion
neighbour tones
go up and down back to the same chord tone, ex. g-a-g a is the neighbour tones
always approach cadences in composition in
stepwise motion
ordo virtutum composer
hildegard von bingen
ordo virtutum
is a morality play, has monophonic texture, is a plainchant built on modes, medieval era
monophonic texture
has a single line only
devil and virtues
ordo virtutum
sumer is icumen in composer
anonymous composer, medieval era
sumer is icumen in is a
rota, round sung by vocalists, polyphonic, obstinate
polyphonic texture
combination of two or more independent melodic lines
ostinato
recurring rhythmic or melodic pattern
el grillo composer
josquin des prez, renaissance era
frottola
polyphonic vocal genre, playful poems and word painting
el grillo
frottola, word painting, a cappella homorhythmic texture
javanese gamelan
gamelan, metallophones
a capella
vocal music without instrument
homorhythmic texture
all voices have same rhythmic pattern,
gamelan
features instruments with wooden bars and drums
metallophones
metal bars struck with mallets
raga
used as a basis of improvisation, literally means colour
sitar
instrument of string
tala
means clap, provides rhythmic structure for a composition or performance. expressed by percussion instruments, more likely the tabla
