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Bio 114 > Things to know for Exam 2 based off of Study Guides > Flashcards

Things to know for Exam 2 based off of Study Guides Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is extremophile

thermophile

A

extremophile= bacteria or archaea that live in high salt, high temp, low temp, or high pressure habitats

t= bacteria that only grow at 45 to 75 degrees celcius

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2
Q

What was the germ theory of disease

A

laid the foundation for modern medicine. Initially greatest impact = sanitation- efforts to prevent transmission of pathogenic bacteria

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3
Q

Bioremediation

A

microbes play an important role in wastewater treatment efforts, and researchers are using bacteria and archaea to clean up sites polluted with organic solvents

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4
Q

Enrichment culture

A

a technique for isolating new types of bacteria and archaea - based on establishing a specified set of growing conditions - temp, lighting, substrate, types of available food, and so on

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5
Q

direct sequencing

A

a technique based on isolating and sequencing a specific gene from organisms found in a particular habitat

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6
Q

Metagenomics (environmental sequencing) allowed researchers to do what for the first time

A

study organisms that cannot be cultured (grown in a lab)

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7
Q

Synapomorphy

A

is a shared derived trait that distinguishes major monophyletic groups

a trait found in two or more taxa that is present in most recent common ancestor but is missing in more distant ancestors
-they allow biologists to recognize monophyletic groups

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8
Q

what is another name for monophyletic groups

A

clade or lineage

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9
Q

Taxa/ taxon

A

one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit

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10
Q

difference between ion and era

A

ion= a major division of geological time subdivided era

era= a major division of time that is a subdivision of an ion and itself is subdivided into periods

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11
Q

adaptive radiation

A

when a single lineage rapidly produces many descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms
- noteworthy cause causes dramatic changes to tree of life

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12
Q

mass extinction vs background extinction

A

mass= refers to the rapid extinction of a large number of lineages scattered throughout the tree of life. Occurs when at least 60 % of the species present are wiped out within one million years

back= refers to the lower average rate of extinction observed when a mass extinction is not occurring
-the end Permian extinction was the mother of all extinction from a catastrophic

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13
Q

ancestral trait vs derived

A

ancestral- is a characteristic that existed in an ancestor

derived- a characteristic that is a modified form of an ancestral trait found in a descendant
-these traits originate via mutation, selection and genetic drift

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14
Q

difference between node and branch

A

node= a point within the tree where a branch splits into two or more branches
or independent populations

branch= represents a population through time

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15
Q

endosymbiosis

A

an association between organisms of two different species in which one lives inside the cell or the cells of the other

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16
Q

pseudopodia

A

a temporary bulge like extension of certain protist cells used in cell crawling and indigestion of food

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17
Q

gameophyte

sporiophyte

spore

A

multicellular haploid form

multicellular diploid form

single haploid cell that divides

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18
Q

difference between homology vs homoplasi

A

homology= occurs when traits are similar due to shared ancestry

homoplasi- occurs when traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry

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19
Q

paraphyletic

A

a group that includes an ancestral population in some but not all of its descendants.

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20
Q

According to the endosymbiosis theory what type of organism is the original ancestor of the chloroplast

A

cyannobacteria

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21
Q

Why are protists considered paraphyletic

A

they represent all of the descendants of a single common ancestor

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22
Q

which of the following best characterizes an adaptive radiation

A

a single lineage diversifies rapidly and descendant populations occupy many habitats and ecological roles

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23
Q

monophyletic groups are derived by shared derived traits

A

true

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24
Q

Gram stain

A

within bacteria having cell walls, biologists distinguish two general types of wall using a dyeing system called gram strain

25
Q

Gram positive

A

have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall with extensive peptidoglycan

26
Q

Gram negative

A

have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall that has two components- a thin gelatinous layer containing peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer

27
Q

phototroph

A

use light energy to excite electrons. ATP is produced by photophosphorlation

28
Q

chemolithotroph

A

oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy such as ammonia or methane. ATP is produced by cellular respiration and inorganic compounds serve as the electron donor

29
Q

Chemoorgantroph

A

oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy such as sugars such as sugars. ATP may be produced by cellular respiration - with sugars serving as elctron donor

30
Q

autotroph

A

organisms that manufacture their own building block compounds (synthesizing their own compounds from a simple starting materials such as CO2 and Ch4

31
Q

Cyannobacteria

A

lineage of photosynthetic bacteria. First became numerous in the oceans 2.7 billion years ago. First organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis

32
Q

heterotroph

A

by absorbing ready to use organic compounds from their environments. Organisms that acquire building block compounds from other organisms

33
Q

Endosymbiosis Primary vs. Secondary

A

Primary:
prokaryotes that are engulfed by host cells and took up a symbiotic existence within those cells

Secondary:
a cell engulfs a chloroplast- containing protist and retained its chloroplasts

34
Q

What is Alternation of Generation

A

life cycle involving alternation of multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte) with a diploid stage (sporophyte)

Occurs in most plants and some protists.

35
Q

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A 
Prokaryote:
>single-celled
>No nucleus
>binary fission
>circular DNA
> ribosomes everywhere
Eukaryote:
>membrane bound nucleus
>linear DNA
>ribosomes on the outside nucleus 
>many chromosomes
36
Q

A. alveolata

b. amoebozoa
c. excavate
d. opisthokonta
e. plantae
f. rhizaria
g. stramenopila
h. archaeplastida
36. Includes some of the most important and abundant marine producers.

  1. Contains organisms with modified (minimized) mitochondria, Includes the euglenids and Giardia
  2. Forams have a snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate and are part of_____.
  3. Includes the red and green algae and land plants
  4. Includes the amoebozoans, fungi and animals, as well as their close protist relatives
  5. Includes the brown and golden algae, and diatoms
  6. Includes the diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans
  7. Obtained chloroplasts through primary endosymbiosis, Includes the red and green algae and land plants
A
  1. Aleolata
  2. Excavata
  3. Rhizaria
  4. Plantae
  5. Amboebozoa
  6. Stamenopila
  7. Excavata
  8. Plantae
37
Q 
A. Cyanobacteria 
B. Proteobacteria 
C. Spirochetes 
D. Actinobacteria 
E. Chlamydias
  1. Named for their shape; includes pathogens such as species that cause syphilis and Lyme disease
  2. Commonly called ‘blue-green algae’; often participate in symbioses as photosynthesizers and/or nitrogen-fixers
  3. All species are intracellular parasites; one of the smallest bacteria lineages; some species cause human STD
  4. While examining soil from a cornfield, you found a new type of bacteria that turns purple when treated with Gram stain. What lineage might it belong to?
  5. Many bacteria found in human gut belong to this group; cell wall with thick layer of peptidoglycan
A
  1. spiro
  2. cyano
  3. chlamydias
  4. actino
  5. actino
38
Q

Put the following events from the history of life in relative order (1 = earliest, 5 = most recent)(1pt) ____Origin of prokaryotes
____Origin of animal life
______ origin of significant increase in atmospheric oxygen
____Origin of eukaryotes
____Origin of multicellularity

A
  1. Origin of prokaryotes
  2. sig increase
  3. eukaryotes
  4. multicellularity
  5. animal life
39
Q

Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

?

40
Q

what two evolutionary novelties first arose in protists

A

sexual repro

ingestion of food

41
Q

List two modes of locomotion of protsist

A

pseudopodia

flagella

42
Q

what are two ways protists are important/ use the 5 fundamental characteristics to say why protists important

A

?

43
Q

How can you determine if a unicellular organism is a bacteria or a protist

A

nucleus

44
Q

Compare/contrast primary/secondary consumers

A

?

45
Q

What characteristics can you use to distinguish types of prokaryotes

A 
cell wall structures
shape morphology
photosynthesis
colony morphology 
movement
46
Q
  1. Select the valid comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
    a. The total biomass of eukaryotes is approximately ten times the total biomass of prokaryotes.
    b. Prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells.
    c. Eukaryotes are far more metabolically diverse than prokaryotes.
A

b

47
Q

protists were the first living organism to reproduce sexually true or false

A

true

48
Q

Prokaryotes are large and reproduce binary fission

true or false

A

f

only repro binary fission

49
Q

Conjugation/transformation lead to horizontal gene transfer

true or false?

A

true

50
Q

If prokaryotes reproduce asexually through binary fission, and the resulting daughter cells are genetically identical, where does the genetic variation necessary for evolution come from? (2pt)

A

mutation?

51
Q

Compare and contrast members of Domain Archaea with Domain Bacteria. (2pts

A

?

52
Q

In the process of alternation of generations, the _____ is diploid and produces _____.

A

sporophyte

spores

53
Q
  1. Where are you least likely to see green algae?
    A. as pink snow in the mountains in summer
    B. growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals
    C. growing independently on dry rock in meadows
    D. growing independently on wet rock in ponds and lakes
    E. floating in seas and oceans
A

?

54
Q
  1. A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _____.
    E. have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes
    F. are exceptionally small
    G. have three or four membranes
    H. have only a single pigment
A

?

55
Q 
26. Which of the following is a producer?
 A. kinetoplastid 
B. apicomplexan 
C. diatom 
D. ciliates
A

?

56
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?
A. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
B. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide.
C. The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose.
D. The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive.
E. The host cell would have been poisoned if it had digested the engulfed cell.

A

?

57
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a nutritional mode of protists?
    A. Absorption
    B. Photosynthesis
    C. Ingestion
    D. All of the above are nutritional modes of protists
    E. None of the above are nutritional modes of protists
A

?

58
Q

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
A) composition of the cell wall
B) lack of a nuclear envelope
C) composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope
D) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane
E) presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall

A

?

Bio 114 (6 decks)

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