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Bio 114 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What distinguishes bacteria from archaea?

a. only bacteria are unicellular
b. only bacteria contain a circular chromosome
c. only bacteria lack a membrane bound nucleus to house the genetic material
d. only bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

A

D

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2
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the term synapomorphy?

a. a trait that is shared by more than one monophyletic group
b. a trait common in a single monopyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group
c. the state of having several traits in common with different monophyletic groups
d. a trait that evolved in several different monophyletic groups simultaneously

A

B

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3
Q

In marine ecosystems, the main primary producers are _____?

a. photosynthetic bacteria
b. photosynthetic fungi
c. photosynthetic plants
d. photosynthetic protists

A

D

Good

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4
Q

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _________.

a. protists eat bacteria
b. bacteria are not made of cells
c. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
d. bacteria decomposed protists
e. protsis are photosynthetic

A

C

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5
Q

Which of the following is the best evidence that all life evolved from prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic ancestors?

a. prokaryotes possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls
b. bacteria are unicellular
c. prokaryotes possess flagella
d. the oldest fossil form of life known is prokaryotic

A

d

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6
Q

An organism that is capable of both photosynthetic and heterotrophy is a (n):

a. autotroph
b. chemotroph
c. mixotroph
d. phototroph

A

C

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7
Q

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to bacteria but not archaea or eukarya?

a. its unicellular
b. the organism does not have nucleus
c. the lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight chain fatty acids
d. cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan
e. it can survive at a temp over 100 degrees celcius

A

D

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8
Q

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

a. bacteria and eukarya
b. archaea and monera
c. eukarya and monera
d. bacteria and Protista
e. bacteria and archaea

A

E

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9
Q

You might be interested to know how many different types of bacteria live on the shower curtain in your bathroom. What is the most efficient method for finding out?

a. producing a molecular phylogeny
b. enrichment culture
c. direct sequencing
d. enrichment culture and direct sequencing are equally efficient methods

A

B

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10
Q

Genetic recombination in prokaryotes is one factor that gives rise to their high levels of genetic diversity. Which of the following are mechanisms of prokaryotic genetic recombination?

a. transformation
b. transduction
c. conjugation
d. all of the above are correct
e. none of the above

A

D

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11
Q

In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reason for this are:

a. prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes
b. prokaryotes have random mutations while eukaryotes can target genes for mutations; thus mutations may not accumulate as quickly in eukaryotes but they are more useful to the organism.
c. the dna in prokaryotes is not as stable as eukaryotic DNA and is thus more likely to mutate.
d. prokaryote mutations are less effective than eukaryote mutations in providing variation for evolution

A

A

Good

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12
Q

which of the following represents an area where prokaryotes are more diverse than eukaryotes?

a. metabolism
b. morphology
c. motility
d. size

A

a

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13
Q

Microbiologists use the gram stain to aid in the identification of bacteria. What is the major difference between gram-postitive and gram-negative bacteria

a. presence or absence of flagella
b. presence or absence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
c. presence or absence of outer plasma membrane
d. structure of nucleotides in the plasma membrane

A

B

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14
Q

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _______.

a. chemoheterotrophs
b. photoheterotrophs
c. photoautotrophs
d. chemoautotrophs

A

D?

seems good but check

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15
Q

A doctor prescribes an antibiotic to her patients. For the first few years, the drug works well; but after several years the doctor sees more patients whom that antibiotic doesn’t actually work. Which of these explanations best explains what happened?

a. the pharmaceutical company lost its drug formula and started selling poor-quality antibiotics
b. natural selection caused the bacteria to mutate, creating a new antibioitic resistant species
c. antibiotic resistant bacteria were most likely to survive and reproduce

A

C

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16
Q

Primary production by photosynthetic protists is considered “primary” because _______.

a. These protists are the first to colonize new areas
b. these protists are the most abundant on earth
c. these protists produce chemical energy by fixing CO2
d. these protists are the oldest lineage to photosynthesize

A

C

good

17
Q

Locomotive diversity amongst protists includes:

a. cilia
b. pseudopodia
c. flagella
d. B and C only
e. A, B, C

A

E

18
Q

What synapomorphy defines the eukarya?

a. fission
b. meiosis and sexual reproduction
c. multicellularity
d. nuclear envelope

A

D

19
Q

All protists _________.

a. are unicellular
b. have a cell wall
c. contain a nucleus
d. are photosynthetic
e. are smaller than animal cells

A

C

good

20
Q

Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic

a. some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups
b. protists all share a common set of synapomorphies
c. protists are all more primitive than land plants and animals
d. protists do not share a single common ancestor

A

A

good

21
Q

Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protest that shows alternation of generations

a. zygote
b. gametophyte
c. spore
d. sporophyte

A

B

good

22
Q

Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests the food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?

a. loss of motility
b. gain of meiosis
c. loss of chloroplasts
d. gain of a rigid cell wall
e. no changes would be expected

A

C

logically makes sense but check

23
Q

In the process of alternation of generations, the ________.

a. sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes
b. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
c. gametophyte is haploid and produces spores
d. gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes
e. spores unite to form a zygote

A

B

check this one

24
Q

Imagine that there are twenty five different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease causing viruses and bacteria. Which species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment?

a. the asexually reproducing species
b. the sexually reproducing species
c. sexually and asexually reproducing species are equally likely to thrive.

A

B

should match up

25
Q

A. actinobacteria

b. chlamydias
c. cyanobacteria
d. proteobacteria
e. spirochetes

  1. named for their shape; includes pathogens such as species that cause syphilis and Lyme disease
  2. You have found a new prokaryote. It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen. It is most likely a type of _______.
  3. all species are intracellular parasites; one of the smallest bacteria lineages; some species cause human STD
A
  1. B
  2. C?
  3. B
    Havent checked this one
26
Q

a. diatom
b. dinoflagellate
c. giardia
d. leishmania

  1. people can get paralytic shellfish poisoning during _________ blooms
  2. ___________ are producers that are responsible for half of the C fixation in marine environments
  3. ________ are the pathogenic protists that can cause large skin lesions
A
  1. B (good)
  2. A
  3. D
27
Q

A. Cholorplasts

b. DNA
c. Mitochondria
d. nuclear envelope
e. ribosome

  1. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have this structure, which is the protein factory for the cell
  2. This cell structure likely evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane
  3. this cell structure likely evolved when a eukaryotic cell engulfed an ancestral cyanobacterium
  4. This cell structure likely evolved when a cell engulfed an ancestral proteobacteria
A
  1. E
  2. D
  3. A
  4. C
28
Q

What evidence supports the hypothesis that the nuclear envelope of eukaryotes arose from infolding of the plasma membrane?
A. No modern bacteria have infolded plasma membranes.
B. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in control of gene expression.
C. The nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of modern eukaryotes are continuous.
D. The nuclear membrane allows separation of transcription and translation.

A

C

29
Q

True or false? Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce sexually in the diploid stage.

A

False

30
Q

How does the haploid form of Ulva “switch” to its diploid form?

A. Gametophytes produce cells that undergo meiosis and produce spores that germinate into diploid adults.

B. Gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote.

C. Sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce spores that germinate into diploid adults.

D.Sporophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote.

A

B

31
Q

What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually?

A.Their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment.
B.Their offspring can exist in both haploid and diploid stages.
C. Their offspring are bigger and better able to reproduce.
D. Their offspring may have more mutations.

A

A

32
Q

A gametophyte is formed from a _____.

sporophyte
zygote
spore
gamete

A

spore

33
Q

Where on the phylogenetic tree should the origin of chloroplasts appear?
A. At the base of the group Bikonta
B. At the base of Eukaryotes
C. At the base of green algae and land plants
D. At the base of Plantae

A

D

34
Q

Chloroplasts arose via _____.

A. endosymbiosis of euglenids
B. endosymbiosis of α-Proteobacteria
C. endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria
D. endosymbiosis of dinoflagellates

A

C

35
Q

What is the relationship between speciation and adaptive radiation?

A. Speciation and adaptive radiation mean the same thing.
B. Speciation and adaptive radiation are unrelated.
C. Speciation is a form of adaptive radiation.
D.Adaptive radiation is a form of speciation.

A

D

36
Q

What method would you use to best identify the diversity of bacterial and archaeal species in the soil present on your campus?

Enrichment
Microscope
Culture bacteria from a sample.
Metagenomics

A

Metagenomics

Bio 114 (6 decks)

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