Things I Still Don't Know Flashcards
What resides in the lamina propria of the terminal esophagus?
the cardiac esophageal glands
what does the lamina propria of the stomach mucosa contain?
the cardiac, gastric, and pyloric glands
what cells are located near to top of the gastric pit/ line the lumen and the gastric pits?
surface mucous cells
what is the purpose of the surface mucous cells?
they secrete a thick bi-carbonate rich mucus onto the outer surface of the mucosa
what cells are large, eosinophilic due to the increased mitochondria, and are near the neck and the upper segment of the gastric gland?
parietal cells
what do the pyloric glands largely release?
gastrin from G cells
what makes up the core of the intestinal villi?
loose connective tissue with microvasculature and a lacteal
what do paneth cells look like?
they are pink-staining
what is the hallmark for identifying the large intestine?
intestinal glands, lots of goblet cells, and NO VILLI
what is the gene mutation involved in Hirschprung’s disease?
RET
what are the glands that surround the anal orifice?
circumanal glands- large apocrine glands
what do the pancreatic acini produce?
serous substance
What happens to the hepatic stellate cells during liver cirrhosis?
they are stimulated by various signals to increase the synthesis of extracellular matrix material
what is the median umbilical fold?
fold due to obliterated urachus
what is the medial umbilical fold?
fold due to the obliterated umbilical arteries
what is the lateral umbilical fold?
fold due to the inferior epigastric artery
what makes up Hasselbach’s triangle?
inguinal ligament. lateral border of the rectus abdominis, and the later umbilical ligament (fold)
where does a direct hernia occur?
inferior to the conjoint tendon and medial to the lateral umbilical ligament (fold)
examples of secondaily retroperitoneal organs?
ascending/descending colon, duodenum, and bulk of pancreas
what is the embryological derivation of heaptocytes?
endoderm
what is the embryological derivation of bile ducts or hepatic ducts?
endoderm
what is the embryological derivation of stromal cells, Kupffer, and stellate cells?
splanchnic mesoderm
what is the presentation of malrotation/ non-rotation of midgut?
left-sided colon and right-sided SIs; formation of fibrous Ladd bands
what is the presentation of reverse gut rotation?
the duodenum ends up anterior to the transverse colon
where is the suspensory ligament of Treitz found?
at the fourth part of the duodenum, and the duodenojenal junction
where does the caudate lobe sit?
between the IVC and the falciform ligament
where does the quadrate lobe sit?
between the gallbladder and the falciform ligament
what are the ligamentum teres hepatis and the round ligament a remnant of?
the left umbilical vein
what is the portal tried surrounded by?
the hepatoduodenal ligament
what are the major abdominal foregut arteries off the celiac trunk?
common hepatic, splenic, left gastric
what are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
gastroduodenal, right gastric, hepatic artery proper
what are the branches off the gastroduodenal artery?
right gastro-omental artery, superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, supradupdenal artery
what are the branches off the hepatic artery proper?
right and left hepatic artery and the cystic artery
what are the branches off the splenic artery?
short gastric artery, left-gastroomental artery, pancreatic branches
what branches off the left gastric artery?
esophageal branch
whenever CCK is released from the duodenum, what is its effect on the stomach?
it is going to limit the contraction of the stomach and increase the distensibility
what hormones increase the action potentials and force of gastric contractions?
gastrin and motilin
what hormones decrease the action potentials and force of the gastric contractions?
secretin and GIP
What effect do segmentation contractions in the intestine have on gastric emptying?
they are going to inhibit gastric emptying
when the duodenum senses acid, what does it secrete?
secretin
when the duodenum senses fats, what does it secrete?
CCK and GIP
when the duodenum senses amino acids/ peptides, what does it secrete?
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
what are the effects of secretin, CCK, and GIP on gastric emptying?
they will decrease gastric emptying
what plays a significant role in the migrating motor complex (MMC)?
motilin
what effect does serotonin have on intestinal contractions?
it stimulates it
what effect does epinephrine released from the adrenal glands have on intestinal contraction?
inhibits contractions
what is the innervation of the internal anal sphincter?
pelvic splanchnic nerve
what is the innervation of the external anal sphincter?
somatic pudendal nerve
what is the rectosphincteric reflex?
as the rectum fills with feces the smooth muscle wall of the rectum contracts and the internal anal sphincter relaxes
what is an example of a non-absorbable bile-acid binding resin?
cholestyramine
what induces the increase of the rate of bile acid synthesis?
7-alpha hydroxylase
how does the elimination of tylenol normally occur?
through the conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate
what happens when the capacity for normal conjugation of tylenol is overwhelmed?
it is oxidized by the liver CYP3A4 to NABQ1
what is NABQ1 normally detoxified by?
glutathione
what can be given as an antidote to acetaminophen poisoning?
N-acetyl cysteine
what is the effect of CCK on the pancreas?
CCK is going to induce the release of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenal lumen
what is the effect of secretin on the pancreas?
it is going to induce the secretion of HCO3- from the pancreatic cells into the duodenum
what is the correlation of insulin and NAFLD?
elevated insulin stimulates hepatic lipid deposition through de novo lipogenesis
what effect does somatostatin have on insulin secretion?
inhibits it
which cellular mechanism is responsible for insulin independent translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane?
AMP kinase activation
what is PYY released by?
L cells of the ileum and the colon
what is the action of PYY?
it is going to inhibit NPY neurons and it is going to release the inhibition of the POMC neurons
what effect does glucagon have on food intake?
reduces food intake
how does bile get from the portal circulation into the hemaptocytes?
either NTCP or OATPs
how does bile get from the lumen into the enterocyte?
ASBT
how doe bile get out of the enterocyte and into the portal circulation?
OST-alpha or-beta
how does bile get from the hepatocyte into the bile canaliculus?
either BSEP or MRP2
