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GIGU Midterm > Things I Still Don't Know > Flashcards

Things I Still Don't Know Flashcards

1
Q

What resides in the lamina propria of the terminal esophagus?

A

the cardiac esophageal glands

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2
Q

what does the lamina propria of the stomach mucosa contain?

A

the cardiac, gastric, and pyloric glands

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3
Q

what cells are located near to top of the gastric pit/ line the lumen and the gastric pits?

A

surface mucous cells

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the surface mucous cells?

A

they secrete a thick bi-carbonate rich mucus onto the outer surface of the mucosa

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5
Q

what cells are large, eosinophilic due to the increased mitochondria, and are near the neck and the upper segment of the gastric gland?

A

parietal cells

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6
Q

what do the pyloric glands largely release?

A

gastrin from G cells

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7
Q

what makes up the core of the intestinal villi?

A

loose connective tissue with microvasculature and a lacteal

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8
Q

what do paneth cells look like?

A

they are pink-staining

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9
Q

what is the hallmark for identifying the large intestine?

A

intestinal glands, lots of goblet cells, and NO VILLI

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10
Q

what is the gene mutation involved in Hirschprung’s disease?

A

RET

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11
Q

what are the glands that surround the anal orifice?

A

circumanal glands- large apocrine glands

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12
Q

what do the pancreatic acini produce?

A

serous substance

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13
Q

What happens to the hepatic stellate cells during liver cirrhosis?

A

they are stimulated by various signals to increase the synthesis of extracellular matrix material

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14
Q

what is the median umbilical fold?

A

fold due to obliterated urachus

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15
Q

what is the medial umbilical fold?

A

fold due to the obliterated umbilical arteries

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16
Q

what is the lateral umbilical fold?

A

fold due to the inferior epigastric artery

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17
Q

what makes up Hasselbach’s triangle?

A

inguinal ligament. lateral border of the rectus abdominis, and the later umbilical ligament (fold)

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18
Q

where does a direct hernia occur?

A

inferior to the conjoint tendon and medial to the lateral umbilical ligament (fold)

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19
Q

examples of secondaily retroperitoneal organs?

A

ascending/descending colon, duodenum, and bulk of pancreas

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20
Q

what is the embryological derivation of heaptocytes?

A

endoderm

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21
Q

what is the embryological derivation of bile ducts or hepatic ducts?

A

endoderm

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22
Q

what is the embryological derivation of stromal cells, Kupffer, and stellate cells?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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23
Q

what is the presentation of malrotation/ non-rotation of midgut?

A

left-sided colon and right-sided SIs; formation of fibrous Ladd bands

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24
Q

what is the presentation of reverse gut rotation?

A

the duodenum ends up anterior to the transverse colon

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25
Q

where is the suspensory ligament of Treitz found?

A

at the fourth part of the duodenum, and the duodenojenal junction

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26
Q

where does the caudate lobe sit?

A

between the IVC and the falciform ligament

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27
Q

where does the quadrate lobe sit?

A

between the gallbladder and the falciform ligament

28
Q

what are the ligamentum teres hepatis and the round ligament a remnant of?

A

the left umbilical vein

29
Q

what is the portal tried surrounded by?

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament

30
Q

what are the major abdominal foregut arteries off the celiac trunk?

A

common hepatic, splenic, left gastric

31
Q

what are the branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

gastroduodenal, right gastric, hepatic artery proper

32
Q

what are the branches off the gastroduodenal artery?

A

right gastro-omental artery, superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, supradupdenal artery

33
Q

what are the branches off the hepatic artery proper?

A

right and left hepatic artery and the cystic artery

34
Q

what are the branches off the splenic artery?

A

short gastric artery, left-gastroomental artery, pancreatic branches

35
Q

what branches off the left gastric artery?

A

esophageal branch

36
Q

whenever CCK is released from the duodenum, what is its effect on the stomach?

A

it is going to limit the contraction of the stomach and increase the distensibility

37
Q

what hormones increase the action potentials and force of gastric contractions?

A

gastrin and motilin

38
Q

what hormones decrease the action potentials and force of the gastric contractions?

A

secretin and GIP

39
Q

What effect do segmentation contractions in the intestine have on gastric emptying?

A

they are going to inhibit gastric emptying

40
Q

when the duodenum senses acid, what does it secrete?

A

secretin

41
Q

when the duodenum senses fats, what does it secrete?

A

CCK and GIP

42
Q

when the duodenum senses amino acids/ peptides, what does it secrete?

A

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

43
Q

what are the effects of secretin, CCK, and GIP on gastric emptying?

A

they will decrease gastric emptying

44
Q

what plays a significant role in the migrating motor complex (MMC)?

A

motilin

45
Q

what effect does serotonin have on intestinal contractions?

A

it stimulates it

46
Q

what effect does epinephrine released from the adrenal glands have on intestinal contraction?

A

inhibits contractions

47
Q

what is the innervation of the internal anal sphincter?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve

48
Q

what is the innervation of the external anal sphincter?

A

somatic pudendal nerve

49
Q

what is the rectosphincteric reflex?

A

as the rectum fills with feces the smooth muscle wall of the rectum contracts and the internal anal sphincter relaxes

50
Q

what is an example of a non-absorbable bile-acid binding resin?

A

cholestyramine

51
Q

what induces the increase of the rate of bile acid synthesis?

A

7-alpha hydroxylase

52
Q

how does the elimination of tylenol normally occur?

A

through the conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate

53
Q

what happens when the capacity for normal conjugation of tylenol is overwhelmed?

A

it is oxidized by the liver CYP3A4 to NABQ1

54
Q

what is NABQ1 normally detoxified by?

A

glutathione

55
Q

what can be given as an antidote to acetaminophen poisoning?

A

N-acetyl cysteine

56
Q

what is the effect of CCK on the pancreas?

A

CCK is going to induce the release of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenal lumen

57
Q

what is the effect of secretin on the pancreas?

A

it is going to induce the secretion of HCO3- from the pancreatic cells into the duodenum

58
Q

what is the correlation of insulin and NAFLD?

A

elevated insulin stimulates hepatic lipid deposition through de novo lipogenesis

59
Q

what effect does somatostatin have on insulin secretion?

A

inhibits it

60
Q

which cellular mechanism is responsible for insulin independent translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane?

A

AMP kinase activation

61
Q

what is PYY released by?

A

L cells of the ileum and the colon

62
Q

what is the action of PYY?

A

it is going to inhibit NPY neurons and it is going to release the inhibition of the POMC neurons

63
Q

what effect does glucagon have on food intake?

A

reduces food intake

64
Q

how does bile get from the portal circulation into the hemaptocytes?

A

either NTCP or OATPs

65
Q

how does bile get from the lumen into the enterocyte?

A

ASBT

66
Q

how doe bile get out of the enterocyte and into the portal circulation?

A

OST-alpha or-beta

67
Q

how does bile get from the hepatocyte into the bile canaliculus?

A

either BSEP or MRP2

GIGU Midterm (19 decks)

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