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GIGU Midterm > GI Correlation > Flashcards

GI Correlation Flashcards

1
Q

what are acholic stools?

A

white clay colored stools, which result from the absence of secretion of bile into the GI tract

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2
Q

what is Cullen sign?

A

ecchymosis around the umbilicus secondary to hemorrhage

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3
Q

what is dyspepsia?

A

postprandial epigastric discomfort

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4
Q

what is dysphagia?

A

difficulty in swallowing

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5
Q

what is hematemesis?

A

vomiting blood

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6
Q

what is hematochezia?

A

passage of bright red blood or maroon stools

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7
Q

what is melena?

A

dark colored stool consistent with broken down hemosiderin in bowel; tarry

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8
Q

what is pneumobilia?

A

abnormal presence of gas in the biliary system/bile ducts

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9
Q

what is pneumomediastinum?

A

abnormal presence of air or gas in the mediastinum

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10
Q

what is a pneumoperitoneum?

A

abnormal presence of air or gas in the peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

what is odynophagia?

A

painful swallowing

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12
Q

if someone comes in with RUQ what should you think?

A

gallbladder issues

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13
Q

if someone comes in with epigastric pain what should you think?

A

pancreatitis or PUD/GERD

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14
Q

if someone comes in LUQ pain what should you think?

A

gastritis or PUD

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15
Q

if someone comes in with RLQ pain what should you think?

A

appendicitis

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16
Q

if someone comes in with LLQ pain what should you think?

A

diverticulitis

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17
Q

if someone comes in with peri-umbilical pain what should you think?

A

small or large bowel obstruction or appendicitis

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18
Q

what is visceral pain secondary to?

A

distention or stretching

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19
Q

what is parietal pain secondary to?

A

inflammation in the parietal peritoneum

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20
Q

how is oropharyngeal dysphagia characterized and what is the most likely category of causation?

A

trouble initiating swallowing and neurologically caused

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21
Q

what questions are important to ask if someone comes in with esophageal dysphagia?

A

solids liquids, or both; progressive or not; constant or intermittent

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22
Q

what are the categories of causation for esophageal dysphagia?

A

mechanical or motility

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23
Q

what is in a CBC?

A

blood cell count

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24
Q

what is a CBC with Diff?

A

a blood count with the percentage and absolute differential counts (Baso, Eos, Mono)

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25
Q

what does a basic metabolic panel show?

A

your electrolytes

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26
Q

what does a comprehensive metabolic panel show?

A

your electrolytes + liver function tests

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27
Q

what would you order if you were checking for pancreatitis?

A

lipase and amylase

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28
Q

what would you order to assess the liver?

A

AST/ ALT, GGT, fractionate bilirubin, and PT/INR

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29
Q

what does an acute abdominal series consist of?

A

a single view chest x-ray and a flat and upright x-ray of the abdomen

30
Q

what is an acute abdominal series good for?

A

great to check quickly for free air (pneumoperitoneum) bowel obstruction and/or constipation

31
Q

what is the barium swallow x-ray used for?

A

to differentiate between mechanical lesions and motility disorders

32
Q

barium study is more sensitive for detecting subtle esophageal narrowing due to what?

A

rings, achalasia, and proximal esophageal lesions

33
Q

what is the study of choice when a patient has persistent heartburn, dysphagia, odynophagia, or structural abnormalities detected on barium study?

A

EGD

34
Q

what is the use of an EGD?

A

it is diagnostic and therapeutic

35
Q

what is an ultrasound good for?

A

imaging fluid filled structures like the gallbladder, bladder, kidneys, aorta and vessels, and the heart

36
Q

what is an US limited by?

A

air and fat

37
Q

what is an ERCP used for?

A

if you have a patient with gallbladder disease who has elevated liver function tests–> they may have a stone in the common duct

38
Q

what is the main difference between an ERCP and an MRCP?

A

an ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic while an MRCP is only diagnostic

39
Q

what is a HIDA scan?

A

test specific for the gallbladder; measures the functional ability of the gallbladder

40
Q

if you perform a HIDA scan on a patient and their gallbladder ejection fraction is less than 38%, what do they have?

A

biliary dyskinesia

41
Q

what scan gives you the most information about abdominal pathology?

A

CT scan

42
Q

how is diagnosis of GERD made?

A

based on clinical symptoms alone or an upper endoscopy

43
Q

what are peptic ulcers?

A

defects in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that extend through the muscularis mucosa

44
Q

what are two major risk factors for developing peptic ulcers?

A

H. pylori infection and NSAIDs

45
Q

what is the most common cause of an UGI bleed?

A

peptic ulcers

46
Q

how would you diagnose PUD?

A

EGD and check for H. pylori infection

47
Q

what is the treatment for PUD?

A

proton pump inhibitor and eradicate H. pylori

48
Q

H. pylori is associated with many types of GI pathology including:

A

PUD, chronic gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma, gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and duodenal ulcers

49
Q

what are two ways you can test for H. pylori?

A

urea breath test and fecal antigen test

50
Q

how would you get a false negative fecal or urea breath test?

A

if the patient doesn’t stop their proton pump inhibitor medication 14 days prior to the test

51
Q

what is melena secondary to 90% of the time?

A

UGIB

52
Q

what is hematochezia due to?

A

lower GI bleed

53
Q

how is an UGIB defined?

A

any GI bleed originating proximal to the ligament of Treitz

54
Q

what organs are involved in an UGIB?

A

the esophagus, stomach, the duodenum

55
Q

how is a LGIB defined?

A

any GI bleed originating distal to the ligament of Treitz

56
Q

what organs are involved in an LGIB?

A

jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum

57
Q

what are esophageal and gastric varices?

A

dilated submucosal veins resulting from portal hypertension

58
Q

what are esophageal and gastric varices most often a result of?

A

alcoholic liver disease

59
Q

what is cholelithiasis?

A

gallstones

60
Q

what is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gallbladder usually secondary to stone/obstruction in the neck of the gallbladder or cystic duct- LFTs are normal

61
Q

what is choledocholithiasis?

A

when there is a stone stuck in the common bile duct (neither the liver nor the gallbladder can drain bile, LFTs are elevated

62
Q

what is ascending cholangitis?

A

the biliary tree gets inflamed and infected; air in the biliary tree

63
Q

what is gallstone pancreatitis?

A

when a gallstone gets stuck in the pancreatic duct- elevated LFTs and pancreatic enzymes (lipase and amylase)

64
Q

how is a dysfunctional gallbladder diagnosed?

A

with a HIDA scan

65
Q

what are the risk factors for pancreatitis?

A

gallstones and alcohol abuse

66
Q

where does the appendicitis pain become localized?

A

McBurney’s point

67
Q

what is diverticulosis?

A

small pouches called diverticula in the colon

68
Q

what is diverticulitis?

A

infection or inflammation of the diverticula

69
Q

what would the barium swallow test look like on a patient with achalasia?

A

like a bird’s beak in the distal esophagus

70
Q

what is Chagas disease?

A

esophageal dysfunction indistinguishable from primary idiopathic achalasia

71
Q

when should Chagas disease be considered?

A

in patients from endemic regions like mexico, central and south america

72
Q

what is chagas disease caused by?

A

a parasite= trypanosoma cruzi

GIGU Midterm (19 decks)

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