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GIGU Midterm > Accessory Organs of the GI tract > Flashcards

Accessory Organs of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main digestive glands?

A

major salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, and the liver

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2
Q

how are the secretory cells organized in salivary glands?

A

in an acinus

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3
Q

what aids in the release of secretions in salivary glands?

A

myoepithelial cells

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4
Q

what is the ductal pathway?

A

acinus–>intercalated duct–> striated duct–> excretory duct

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5
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the intercalated duct?

A

low cuboidal epithelium

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6
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the striated duct?

A

simple cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium

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7
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the excretory duct?

A

simple cuboidal–> pseudostratified columnar or stratified cuboidal

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8
Q

what type of secretory cells do the acini of the parotid glands consist of?

A

serous secretory cells

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of the parotid gland histologically?

A

they are pyramidal cells with a basally located nucleus

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10
Q

what type of secretory cells make up the acini of the sublingual gland?

A

it is a mixed gland, but predominantly mucous

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11
Q

what type of cells make up the acini of the submandibular gland?

A

serous cells are predominantly found, but mucous cells are present

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12
Q

in the submandibular gland, what are the mucous cells capped by?

A

a serous demilune (bonnet)

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13
Q

what covers the pancreas?

A

a thin layer of loose CT- forms a capsule

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14
Q

what is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas?

A

the serous acinus

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15
Q

what does the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas contain?

A

pancreatic acinar cells

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16
Q

what are the duct cells that are found within the acinus of the exocrine prancreas?

A

centroacinar cells

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17
Q

what do centroacinar cells secrete?

A

HCO3-, Na+, and H2O–> alkalinizes secretions

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18
Q

what is the hallmark of the exocrine pancreas?

A

the acinar cells stain intensely, centroacinar cells stain lightly

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19
Q

why is the septa important?

A

it provides a route for neurovasculature

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20
Q

what does the apical domain of the pancreatic acinar cell contain?

A

zymogen granules

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21
Q

what do the zymogen granules contain and what is their purpose?

A

~20 different pancreatic proenzymes- to help complete digestion

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22
Q

what are two examples of pancreatic proenzymes that digest proteins?

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen

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23
Q

what is an example of a pancreatic proenzyme that digests carbohydrates?

A

amylolytic enzymes

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24
Q

what is the liver enclosed in?

A

thin CT capsule lined with mesothelium of visceral peritoneum

25
Q

instead of acini, how are hepatocytes arranged?

A

in cellular cords

26
Q

the liver structure varies in regard to its functional unit. What are they?

A

hepatic lobule, portal lobule (when describing bile) and liver acinus (when describing blood flow)

27
Q

how do hepatocytes look histologically?

A

large, polygonal cells with pink staining cytoplasm and microvilli

28
Q

what does the bile that the hepatocytes secrete drain into?

A

bile canaliculus

29
Q

what are the bile canaliculi?

A

spaces located between adjacent hepatocytes

30
Q

what are the hepatic cords separated by?

A

hepatic sinusoids

31
Q

what are the hepatic sinusoids?

A

where blood flow passes through

32
Q

the liver parenchyma is organized as hepatic lobules; hepatocytes form irregular plates radiating from what?

A

a central vein

33
Q

what are the plates of the hepatocytes supported by?

A

stroma of reticular fibers

34
Q

what are the plates of the hepatocytes separated by?

A

sinusoids

35
Q

what do the peripheral angles of each lobule contain?

A

a portal triad

36
Q

what makes up the portal triad?

A

venule, arteriole, and bile ductules

37
Q

what do bile canaliculi drain into?

A

canals of Hering

38
Q

what are canals of Hering composed of?

A

cuboidal epithelial cells called cholangiocytes

39
Q

what do canals of Hering drain into?

A

bile ductules

40
Q

what happens to the bile ductules?

A

they merge together and enlarge to form the right and left hepatic ducts

41
Q

what is the biliary tree lined with?

A

a mucous membrane having a simple columnar epithelium of cholangiocytes

42
Q

what cells are found within the hepatic sinusoids?

A

Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells (ito cells)

43
Q

what are kupffer cells?

A

stellate macrophages; detect and phagocytose defected erythrocytes

44
Q

what are hepatic stellate cells (ito cells)?

A

cells with small lipid droplets that store vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins

45
Q

what is the perisinusoidal space?

A

the space where there is direct bathing of the microvilli with blood from the sinusoid

46
Q

what does the perisinusoidal space facilitate?

A

uptake/release of nutrients, proteins, and potential toxins

47
Q

what is the periportal space?

A

it is a space that is located at the edges of canals between stromal connective tissue and hepatocytes

48
Q

what is the purpose of the periportal space?

A

excess fluid in the perisinusoidal space is collected here to prevent edema

49
Q

what is the central axis for the portal lobule?

A

the portal triad (bile duct)

50
Q

how do you get the portal lobule?

A

you ID the portal triad, then you draw imaginary lines between 3 central veins (its a triangular block of tissue)

51
Q

what does the portal lobule outline?

A

bile drainage pathway from adjacent lobules into the same bile duct

52
Q

how do you get the hepatic acinus?

A

you identify two adjacent central veins with portal triads in between

53
Q

which zone is most susceptible to damage if you block blood flow to a segment of the liver?

A

zone 3

54
Q

what does the classic lobule of the liver emphasize?

A

the endocrine function of the hepatocytes as blood flows toward the central vein

55
Q

what does the portal lobule of the liver emphasize?

A

hepatocytes exocrine function and flow of bile

56
Q

what does the hepatic acinus emphasize?

A

different oxygen and nutrient contents of blood at different distances along the sinusoids

57
Q

what is unique about the gallbladder?

A

there is no muscularis mucosae or submucosa

58
Q

what can the gallbladder sometimes develop as the result of hyperplasia and herniation of epithelial cells through the muscularis externa?

A

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

59
Q

what are rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

A

deep diverticula of the mucosa that may extend through the muscularis externa

GIGU Midterm (19 decks)

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