Things I got Wrong in Mocks Flashcards
Mechanism of action of Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine
(BONUS : what are they used to treat?)
Blocks active site of acetylcholinesterase
∴ ↑ amount of Ach available to post-synaptic membrane
Myasthenia Gravis
Mechanism of action of Levodopa
Crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted into dopamine which acts to reduce neurological symptoms
Mechanism of action of COX-i e.g. ibuprofen
Inhibits conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins by inhibiting COX1 and COX2
Mechanism of action of Mannitol
↓ Intracranial pressure by setting up osmotic gradient between CSF and subarachnoid space
Define hyperplasia
Increased size of tissue due to increase of number of constituent cells
Things you see on blood film for IDA
Hypochromic
Microcytic
Poikilocystosis
Anisocytosis
Pencil cells
Thromobocytosis
Symptoms for the cause of IDA
Meleana
Heavy menstrual bleeding
Change in bowel habits
Nose/Gum bleeding
Haematuria
Pregnancy
Haematemesis
What protein carries iron around the body?
Transferritin
What blood test is used to confirm IDA?
Serum Ferritin
Low
1 Blood test to confirm Graves’ disease
TSH receptor antibodies
3 Accepted modalities for hyperthyroidism Tx
Thyroidectomy
Anti-thyroid drugs - Carbimazole
Radioactive iodine
3 Pathophysiological processes on Osteoporosis
Increased bone remodelling
↓ Osteoblast activity
↑ Osteoclast activity
↑ Bone resorption
Micro-architectural distortion
MOA Bisphosphonates
↓Osteoclast activity
Alongside bisphosphonates, what should be prescribed for Osteoporosis?
AdCal
(Vit D AND Calcium supplements)
Scoring tool to assess risk of developing osteoporosis
FRAX
Prev Medical history Qs after an epileptic fit!
Prev head injury?
Underlying brain disease?
Fever?
Born at full term?
Recently taken drugs or alcohol?
2 Ix that should always be taken after someone had an epileptic seizure
CT head
MRI Head
EEG
Histological features seen in UC
↑plasma cells in lamina propria
Ulceration
Crypt distortion
2 Major Elements in Pathophysiology of asthma
Airway hypersensitivity
Causes airway inflammation
and ∴ bronchoconstriction
Carcinoma definition
Malignant neoplasm of epithelium
Histological features of 1º carcinomas
Abundant mitotic figures
Areas of necrosis
Ulceration
Poorly circumscribed margin
Endophytic growth
Variable resemblance of normal tissue
How does the Chlamydia Screen Programme aim to control increase of STIs?
Control chlamydia through early detection and Tx of asymptomatic infection
1ºprevention =
Disease prevented from developing
e.g. Vaccinations, counselling, minimising risk factors
2º prevention =
Disease treated early, usually before symptoms present, to minimise consequences
e.g. screening programmes, contact tracing!
3º prevention =
Chronic disease managed to prevent further complications or further damage
e.g. control of DM, giving aspirin to someone who has already had a stroke to prevent a second
Sensitivity definition
Proportion with the disease that are correctly identified by the test
Specificity definition
Proportion of people without the disease that are correctly excluded by the test
False negative definition
Incorrectly reports a negative result
Population screening programmes in UK
Breast cancer
AAA
Cervical cancer
Diabetic eye
Infectious disease in pregnancy
Sickle cell disease
Thalassaemia
3 Diagnostic criteria for nephrotic syndrome
Proteinuria > 3g/L
Hypoalbuminaemia > 25 g/L
Oedema
5 Comps of Nephrotic syndrome and why they occur
- Hyperlipidaemia / Atherosclerosis
↑overproduction in liver - Thrombosis
bc renal loss of anti-thrombin III - Infection
Renal loss of Igs - Renal impairment
bc hypovolaemia - Anemia
Loss of iron
When is is suitable to send a urine sample for culture?
Pregnant
Male with UTI symptoms
Persistent / Severe Sx
Failed Abx
What clinical features might make you think Aortic Stenosis is severe?
Slow rising carotid pulse
Pulsus parvus/Pulsus tardus
Split S2
Ejection-systolic murmur
↓Pulse amplitude
Systolic thrill
BEST absolute gold standard Tx for Aortic Stenosis?
Surgical Aortic Valve replacement
In elderly, frail patients, what is the best option to treat Aortic Stenosis?
Trans-Aortic Valve Insertion
Adrenaline MOA
Alpha and beta adrenergic receptor agonist
Other than Adrenaline, what drugs can be given to minimise the severity of Anaphylactic shock?
IV Chlorpheniramine
IV hydrocortisone
List 10 Symptoms of a severe anaphylactic reaction
Pruritus
Bronchospasm
Chest tightness
Cough
Faintness
↓ BP
Diarrhoea
Hypovolaemic shock!!!!
Chest pain
Abdo pain
Oedema of lips and tongue
Cyanosis
Periorbital oedema
Erythema
How does thrombocytopenia present?
Petechial rash
Easy bruising
Mucosal bleeding - nose bleeds
How does Factor 8 & 9 def (Haemophillias) present?
Joint & soft tissue bleeds
Tx for Cryptococcal Meningitis
Liposomal Amphotericin B
When should you suspect Oesophageal carcinoma?
Progressive dysphagia
Weight loss
IDA
When should a thrombophilia screen NOT be done?
if thrombosis suspected or Px on anti-coagulation
Severe acute Ischaemia presentation
Loss of sensation
Weakness
Cold
Meningococcal meningitis - which serogroup in the MC in UK?
Group B
Meningococcal meningitis - which serogroup in the MC worldwise?
Group A
What does a Pos Rhomberg sign indicate?
Neuro condition
Cervical myelopath
Extra sign’s of Cushings
Thin skin
Easy bruising
PCS signs / symptoms
i dont know if this is right idk where i got this from
Hirsutism
Acne
Haemoptysis + Haematuria = ?
GOODPASTURE’S
Over 55 + IDA,
What do you do?
Refer via 2 week wait pathway
PE
If Well’s score is above 4, what do you do?
CTPA
PE
If Well’s score is below or equal to 4, what do you do?
D-Dimer
ACh coordinates ___
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Where can you NOT find noradrenaline?
Skin
Known AIDS + Owl eye inclusion bodies =
CMV colitis
HSV can cause?
Encephalititis
What is the MC cause of LBO?
Malignancy
Describe some symptoms of optic neuritis
Blurry vision
Painful when looking sideways
Describe the cell type affected in Bladder cancer
Transitional (urothelial) = MC
UNLESS SCHISTOSOMIASIS, then Squamous Cell
Haemachromotosis Signs / Symptoms
Slate grey skin
Pituitary insufficiency
Testicular atrophy
Deranged LFTs
What would you find in a temporal artery biopsy in GCA?
Granulomatous w skip lesions
Tx GCA
Oral prednisolone if no vision change
IV prednisolone if vision change
Status Epilepticus Tx
IV Lorazepam 4mg
Then again after 5 mins if not working
Then IV phenytoin
What can sideroblastic anaemia be caused by?
Vitamin B6 def
H.Pylori increases the risk of which malignancy?
MALT Lymphoma
Peptic Ulcer common cause
H PYLORI
Describe the aspirate appearance of septic arthritis
Turbid, yellow
Crest Antibodies
Anti-Scl-70
PE Tx
Apixaban - DOAC
Warfarin
LMWH
Pleural effusion XR finding
Bilateral costophrenic blunting
DM makes UTI complicatde
Goodpasture’s antibody?
Anti-GBM
GS for Acromegaly
OGTT
Tx Syphilis
IM Benzylpenicillin
Pathophys Osteoporosis
↓ Bone mass
Normal mineralisation
Pathophys Paget’s
↑Osteoclastic bone resorption followed by formation of weaker bone
Comps of ADPKD
SAH
Renal stones
Liver cysts
HTN
Finding on ECG with Hyperparathyroidism
Short QT interval
Causes of Hypercalcaemia
Hyperparathyroidism
↑ Diet
Sarcoidosis
CKD
Multiple Myeloma
Squamous cell cancer (PTHrP)
Dehydration
Bone mets
Cell type targeted in MS
Oligodendrocytes
MS Tx
ACUTE : IV methylprednisolone
CHRONIC : Beta interferon and glatiramer acetate
Infliximab
Signs / Symptoms MS
NB LOSS YOU IDIOT
+ Charcot’s neuro triad
UMN signs
Uhthoff’s
Staph Aureus Abx
Flucloxacillin
S/E Vancomycin
Nephrotoxicity
Pathophysiology Anaphylaxis
Allergen binds to IgE
Stimulates mast cell granulation
∴ Histamine released
Airway bronchoconstriction
Vessel vasodilation (and more permeable)
MC cause of Lung Cancer in non-smokers?
Adenocarcinoma
Asbestos CXR findings
Pleural plaques
Atypical Pneumoniae Causes
Legions of Psitacci MCQ
Legionella Pneumophilia - AC
Chlamydia Psittaci - Birds
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - Erythema Multiforme
Chlamydia Pneumoniae - School aged child
Q fever - farmers
S/E SABA
Fine tremor
What is Zollinger-Ellison?
Tumour - causes XS gastrin release
∴ lots of ulcers !
Presents with haemorrhage
Late sign of pancreatic cancer?
DM Sx
High SAAG causes
↑Portal HTN (i think)
Constrictive pericarditis
HF
Liver failure
Cirrhosis
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Low SAAG causes
TB
Pancreatitis
Nephrotic syndrome
Peritoneal cancer
What is gastroparesis?
Delayed gastric emptying
Small/Non-Variceal bleeding Tx
Adrenaline injections
Thermal/Mechanical ligation
+ PPI for 72 hours
Oesophageal varices bleeding Tx
Terlipressin - has bad S/E tho so be sure that it’s variceal before giving
Prophylactic ABx
Band ligation
How to calculate units?
(ml x ABV%) / 1000
Von-Hippel-Lindau assoc with?
Renal carcinoma
Cell type in most renal carcinomas?
Clear cells
Renal cancer assocs?
Von-Hippel Lindau
ADPKD
Tuberous sclerosis
Middle aged men
Smokers
When to sus Phaeochromocytoma?
If BP hard to control, episodic or accelerating
Diclofencac is a ?
NSAID
1st Line IxAppendicitis
US Abdo
2nd Degree block
Mobitz type 1
ECG ?
Progressive PR elongation then dropped QRS
2nd Degree block
Mobitz type 2
ECG ?
Randomly dropped QRS
Causes of AF
Mrs SMITH
Sepsis
Mitral valve pathology
IHD
Thyrotoxicosis
HTN
Abrupt Start and Stop of palpitations =?
AVNRT
AVRT and AVNRT ECG?
Narrow QRS
AVRT : short PR
AVNRT : no P waves directly before/after QRS
Pancreatitis Comps
Pancreatic abscess
Pancreatitis pseudocyst - can lead to intestinal obstruction
AKI
DIC
Acute resp distress syndrome!
DM
Sepsis
SIRS
Obstructive jaundice
Pathophysiology behind MI
Atherosclerotic plaque RUPTURE
Indications of atypical pneumonia
Time away from home
↓Na+
Confusion
Renal impairment
↑ Creatinine
↑ Urea
Hypothyroidism Sx
BRADYCARDIC
Bradycardic
Reflexes relax slowly
Ataxia
Dry thin hair/skin
Yawning
Cold hands
Ascites
Round puffy face
Defeated demeanour
Immobile - ileus
Congestive HF
DDx BPH
Age-related detrusor weakness
What should you check once a Px has been diagnosed with HIV?
Hep B
Hep C
Syphilis
Tx HIV
Aciclovir
Co-trimoxazole (septrin)
When is risk of vertical transmission for HIV low?
With ART and undetectable viral load
Clinical findings of HF
Peripheral oedema
↑ JVP
Bibasal crackles
Dull percussion at lung bases
Hepatomegaly
S3/S4
Tachycardia, Tachypnoea
Cyanosis
Cold, pale, confusion
Syncope
Narrow pulse pressure
Classification system for HF Sx
New York Heart Association Classification
Ix HF
- NT‑proBNP
- Echo
COPD Scale
MRC Dyspnoea Scale
CURB-65 ?
CURB-65
C onfusion
Uraemia > 7 mmol/L
RR > 30
BP systolic ≤ 90 mmHg or diastolic ≤ 60 mmHg
65 years or older
MC CAP Cause?
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Stroke 1st line Ix
NON-CONTRAST CT head
Other than aspirin, first line acute treatment for ischaemic stroke
Thrombolysis (IV alteplase) within 4.5 hours
OR
Thrombectomy
Clopidogrel MOA
P2Y12 Inhibitor
Findings on an ECG for AF
Irregularly irregular QRS complexes
No P waves
Well’s Score ?
What treatment do you give ?
0 = lowe it
1 = consider oral anticoag or aspirin
2+ = oral anticoag (DOAC - apixaban)
BE AWARE OF CI
What findings on a lumbar puncture indicate bacterial meningitis?
Raised neutrophils
Increased protein
Low glucose
Cloudy appearance
Iatrogenic Comps of DKA Tx
Hypoglycaemia
Hypokalaemia
Cerebral oedema
Blood tests used to monitor/diagnose diabetes
Random plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol/L
HbA1c > 48 mmol/L * check this unit
Fasting plasma glucose > 7 mmol/L
RF Hodgkin’s
EBV infection
FHx
Male
20 - 40 years
Immunocomp
Smoker
Overweight
Acute cholecystitis presentation
RUQ pain radiating to right shoulder
Fever
!!!!
Vomiting
No colour change
4 Fs for Gallstones
Female
Fat
Forty
Fertile
What is Murphy’s sign?
Pain upon palpation of right subcostal area while patient holds breath
H. Pylori Tx
CAP !
Unmod RFs for BPH
Increasing Age
Black/Caucasian
FHx
Reasons PSA may rise
Recent ejac
Biopsy
Exercise
UTI
Medication
BPH
Prostate cancer
Screening programmes in the UK
What ages?
Breast cancer screening (50-71)
AAA (65 men)
Bowel cancer - FIT testing (60-74)
Cervical cancer (25-64)
Diabetic eye screening (12+)
Tx Myasthenia Crisis
IV Ig
Plasmapharesis
Antibodies for Myasthenia Gravis
Acetylcholine-receptor antibodies
Muscle specific kinase antibodies (MuSK)
Define Uhthoff’s phenomenon
Neurological features are worsened due to ↑ body temp
Findings on a lumbar puncture in a MS patient
Oligoclonal bands in the CSF
↑IgG
↑ WBC
Summarise the process of atherosclerosis (6 marks)
- Endothelial injury - caused by smoking, high cholesterol
- LDL cholesterol accumulates in sub-endothelial space
- Macrophages enter and engulf LDL, forming foam cells
- Inflam response - smooth muscles proliferate and migrate
- Smooth muscles deposit collagen, form fibrous cap
- Pressure builds and fibrous cap weakens, leading to plaque rupture.
Thrombus formation causes occlusion of artery
Describe the LP findings of viral meningitis
Clear
Increased protein
Normal glucose
Increased lymphocytes
Describe the LP findings of TB meningitis
Fibrin web
Increased lymphocytes
HIGH protein
Low glucose
Describe the LP findings of Cryptococcal meningitis
Fibrin web
Increased lymphocytes
Increased protein
LOW glucose
HIGH OPENING PRESSURE
Trimethoprim MOA
Folate inhibitor
(inhibits 5-dihydrofolate reductase)
Shape of TB bacteria
Rod-shaped
What would you see in a microscope with TB?
Caseating granuloma
Patient presents with a rash that doesn’t go when pressed with a glass.
What is this and what is it a sign of?
Purpuric rash
Sign of DIC - bc of meningococcal septicaemia
Tx Meningitis
Incl drug class
3rd generation cephalosporin
Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone
Neonate Meningitis bacteria
Group B step
aka S. agalactiae, S. pyogens
E.Coli, S. pneum, Listeria
> 3 months Meningitis bacteria
Neisseria Meningitidis
Strep. pneumoniae
H. influenzae (type B)
> 65 years Meningitis bacteria
S. pneumoniae
What campaign is being used to reduce C.diff spread?
SIGHT campaign
3 Meds for COPD
Have a precious history of Asthma
SABA
LABA
ICS
Describe Duke’s criteria
Fever > 38
Vascular phenomenon - Roth spots
Immunological - Glomerulonephritis
jeidska
What signs might you see on a patient’s hand that has IE?
Splinter haemorrhages
Osler nodes
Janeway lesions
What might you see on a CXR for AS?
Calcification of aortic valve
Dilated ascending aorta
Cardiomegaly
Pulmonary oedema
Septic infection Sx
Fever
Rigors
Night sweats
Weight loss
Anaemia
Clubbing
Splenomegaly
XS alcohol abuse can lead to deficiency in what vitamine?
How does this present?
B1
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s Encephalopathy
Tx delirium tremens
Chlordiazepoxide
Delirium tremens presentation
Tachycardia
Confusion
Agitation
Tachypnoea
What abx attack 30s?
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
VALPROATE S/E
Vomiting
Alopecia
Liver toxicity
Pancreatitis
Retention of fat i.e. weight gain
Oedema
Anorexia
Tremor
Enzyme inhibitor
Cause of osteomyelitis
Staph Aureus
Staph epidermidis
Salmonella spp in Sickle cell patient