Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2 Quick > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Why has there been a reduction in children getting infections caused by H.infleunzae?

A

Hib vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the conditions needed for growing H.influenzae colonies?

A

Chocolate agar - blood agar, heated to 80 deg C
Containing factor 5 + 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Big cause of COPD exacerbations

A

H. influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do mycobacteria differ from normal bacteria?

A

Intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alongside RIPE, what should also given in TB?

A

Vit B6 !
Bc isoniazid depletes VitB6 which causes peripheral neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes Osteomyelitis

A

Haematogenous - Staph Aureus
Exogenous/Local - Staph Epidermidis !

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is treating Osteomyelitis so difficult?
How do you overcome this problem?

A

Vascular supply to bone may be poor
Longer Abx therapy! + using Abx that can penetrate bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the treatment for TB osteomyeltitis and pulmonary TB differ?

A

Osteomyeltitis TB is longer
12 months not 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes Septic Arthritis

depends on who

A

Prosthetic joint - staph epidermidis!

Young/sexually active - gonococcal

IVDU - psuedomonas aeuriginosa

Immuno comp - TB

Children - Staph aereus, group A strep and gram -ve bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Skin infections common cause

A

Most are gram +ve
Staph aereus, strep pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Soft tissue sepsis presentation?

A

Inflam cardinal signs of local
Systemic - fever, sweats, rigors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What layer does cellulitis affect?

A

SC tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who does cellulitis tend to affect?

A

Patients with :

Ulcers - Vascular / DM patients
Tinea pedis
Obesity
SKin conditions - eczema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cause Cellilitis

A

Strep Pyogenes

Staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What MUST you distinguish cellulitis from?

A

DVT !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ix Cellulitis

A

Clinical diagnosis

Blood culture - ↑vol sample, more than 1 size and more than 1 time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tx Cellulitis

A

Flucloxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

1st Line ABx treatment for staph aureus

A

Flucloxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen
Stains for?

A

Myco TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blood agar
for?

A

Anaerobes
e.g. fusobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Charcoal agar
For?

A

Campylobacer jejuni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chocolate agar
For?

A

Anaerobes
e.g. S. pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MacConkey
Stains for?

A

Lactose Fermenting bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pathogen causing Pneumonia?

A

Strep Pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pathogen causing Bronchitis?

A

Adenovirus - Acute
Rhinovirus - Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define pathogen

A

Organism that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define commensal

A

Organism that colonises host but causes no disease normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define Opportunist pathogen

A

Microbe that only causes disease if host defence is compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define Virulence or Pathogenicity

A

The degree to which an organism is pathogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the stages of Gram staining

A

Come In And Stain

  1. Fixate to microscope slide with heat or methanol
  2. Apply Crystal violet - all cells turn purple
  3. Apply Iodine (Mordant) - crystal violet-iodine complexes form
  4. Use Alcohol (acetone or ethanol) to decolourise and distinguish between +ve and -ve
  5. Apply counterstain Safranin to stain Gram -ve pink
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why does Gram +VE stain purple?

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is coagulase?

A

Enzyme produced by S. Aureus that converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why might you use Beta Lactams or Glycopeptides against gram pos bacteria?

there’s others u can use, not only for gram pos - but why miiight you?

A

Because Beta Lactams and Glycopeptides inhibit cell wall synthesis

Gram +ve bacteria have thick cell walls!!! make them vulnerable!!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If penicllin is CI (bc penicllin allergy), what might you use instead?

A

Macrolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is folate important for the baby during pregnancy?

A

Prevents spine bifida!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What Abx for MRSA?

A

Vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are mycobacteria?

A

Aerobic, non-spore forming, non-mobile bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How to identify virsuses?

A

PCR + nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)
OR serology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why can’t you culture viruses?

A

Bc only reproduce inside live cells

40
Q

3 groups of worms

A

Nematodes - roundworms
Trematodes - flatworms
Ceratodes - tapeworms

41
Q

How can adult worms replicate?

A

Can only replicate inside body if they have a period of development outside body

42
Q

Which stain is used for Mycobacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neesen

43
Q

Examples of protazoa

A

Malaria
Giardia Lamblia
Toxoplasmiosis

44
Q

How are protozoae classified?

A

On movement

45
Q

State the classes of protozoa

A

Ameoboids
Ciliates
Sporozoan
Flagellates

46
Q

Describe the cell wall of fungi

A

Chitin + Glucans

47
Q

How do fungi move?

A

Either growing across or through structures
OR dispersion in air or water

48
Q

Describe the forms in which fungi can exist

A

Yeast - single cell that divides via budding?

Moulds - form multicellular hyphae or spores

49
Q

What do anti-fungals target?

A

Cell wall or plasma membrane

“-azole” -
^but also this isnt true cos metronid”azole” targets parasites so idk

50
Q

Regarding worms, what is the pre-patent perioid?

A

Interval between infection + appearance of eggs/larvae in stool

51
Q

Describe the immune response against worms

A

Poor
Mainly IgE + IgG mediated

52
Q

Examples of worms

A

Hookworm
Schistosmoiasis

53
Q

Cause of Pharyngitis

A

Strep. Pyogens

54
Q

Comps of Pharyngitis

A

Peri-tonsillar abscess
Sinusitis
Cervical lymphadenitis
Rheumatoid fever
Glomerulonephritis

55
Q

How to detect bacterial causes of phayngitis?

A

Culture of charcoal throat swab

56
Q

How to test for rotavirus?

A

Antigen detection on stool sample

57
Q

How does rotavirus present?

A

DIarrhoea

58
Q

How to test for EBV or haemolytic strep?

A

Venepuncture for acute phase serology

59
Q

Comp of GB

A

RESP FAILURE
ALWAYS CHECK FEV1 AND FVC

60
Q

What is adenocarcinoma derived from?

A

Bronchial mucus glands

61
Q

What cells regenerate?

A

Hepatocytes
Pneumocytes
All blood cells
Gut epithelium
Skin epithelium
Osteocytes – help remodel bone fractures

62
Q

Shingles
Sx Sx
Cause

grrrrrrrrrr

A

Painful red rash confined to single dermatome
VZV

63
Q

What does EBV cause?

A

Glandular fever

64
Q

DDx Glandular fever

A

Step pyogens throat infection
aka pharyngitis

65
Q

How does glandular fever present?

Strep. pyogens also presents the same btw

A

White/Yellowish purulent lining over tonsils

66
Q

How to diff between Strep Pyogens throat infection and glandular fever?

A

Strep pyogens - take a black charcoal swab !

67
Q

Ix Glandular fever

A

FBC - atypical lymphocytes (basophilic cytoplasm + prominent nucleus)

Serology for EBV Ig with clotted sample

68
Q

Main AIDS defining illnesses

A

PNEUMOCYSTITIS JIROVECCI
CMV colitis
Oral candida (thrush)
Lymphomas

69
Q

Tx Pneumocystitis Jirovecci

A

Co-trimoxazole (aka septrin)

+ prednisolone if T1 resp failure

70
Q

CMV Tx

A

IV ganciclovir

71
Q

MC cause of meningitis

A

Enterovirus!!

72
Q

Atypical pneumonia is resistant to?

A

Amoxicillin

73
Q

Tx Atypical pneumonia

A

Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithryomycin)
Fluroquinolone (ciprofloxacin)
Tetracycline (doxycycline)

74
Q

1st line for Legionella

A

Clarithromycin

75
Q

H. influenzae Tx

A

Amoxicillin
Co-amoxiclav

76
Q

S. pneumoniae Tx

A

Amoxicillin

77
Q

H. influenzae grown on what agar?

A

Chocolate agar as fastidious bacteria

78
Q

TB Histology

A

Granuloma with central caseating necrosis

79
Q

Other granulomatous causes?
How do these differ from TB?

A

Sarcoidosis, Crohn’s, Leprosy

NON-CASEOUS

80
Q

Mucus colour for brochiectasis

A

Yellow normally
Green if exacerbations

81
Q

P. aeruginosa Tx
Brochiectasis

A

Piperacillin + tazobactem

82
Q

Soft tissue infection patho

A

Pathogens enter soft tissue through breach in skin

83
Q

Erysipelas Bacteria cause

A

S. pyogens
s. Agalactiae

S. aureus

84
Q

Impetigo presentation

A

Honey-coloured, clustered, crusty lesions on chin and cheeks of young person

Itchy growing spot which keep scratching
Otherwise well

85
Q

Swab for impetigo

A

Black charcoal

86
Q

Cause impetigo

A

S. pyogens
S. aureus

mainly

87
Q

Tx impetigo

A

Flucoxacillin
or benzylpenicillin if s. pyogens only?

88
Q

MRSA Ix

A

Chromogenic axilla and groin swab taken on admission

89
Q

Tx MRSA

A

Vancomycin or Teicoplanin

2 weeks IV ABX MINUMUM
If sus IE - 6 weeks minimum

90
Q

What drugs can cause nephrotoxicity?

A

Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Gentamycin (also ototoxic)

91
Q

Uncomp UTI Tx

A

Trimethoprim 200mg 2xd for 3 days
or
Nitrofurantoin 50mg 4xd for 3 days

92
Q

What is an important thing to note when doing urinalysis?
Why?

A

NEVER on catheterised sample urine

Bc bacteria likely present in all CSU samples regardless of infection or not!
Whereas midstream urine is reliable as urinary tract is normally sterile!S.

93
Q

S. Viridans Tx

A

IV Benzylepenicillin 4-6 weeks
+/- gentamicin 2 weeks

94
Q

MC cause of IE

A

S. aureus

95
Q

Comp IE

A

Septicemboli!
Stroke/PE etc

96
Q
A

Phase 2 Quick (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions