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Phase 2 Quick > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Why has there been a reduction in children getting infections caused by H.infleunzae?

A

Hib vaccine

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2
Q

What are the conditions needed for growing H.influenzae colonies?

A

Chocolate agar - blood agar, heated to 80 deg C
Containing factor 5 + 10

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3
Q

Big cause of COPD exacerbations

A

H. influenzae

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4
Q

How do mycobacteria differ from normal bacteria?

A

Intracellular

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5
Q

Alongside RIPE, what should also given in TB?

A

Vit B6 !
Bc isoniazid depletes VitB6 which causes peripheral neuropathy

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6
Q

Causes Osteomyelitis

A

Haematogenous - Staph Aureus
Exogenous/Local - Staph Epidermidis !

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7
Q

Why is treating Osteomyelitis so difficult?
How do you overcome this problem?

A

Vascular supply to bone may be poor
Longer Abx therapy! + using Abx that can penetrate bone tissue

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8
Q

How does the treatment for TB osteomyeltitis and pulmonary TB differ?

A

Osteomyeltitis TB is longer
12 months not 6

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9
Q

Causes Septic Arthritis

depends on who

A

Prosthetic joint - staph epidermidis!

Young/sexually active - gonococcal

IVDU - psuedomonas aeuriginosa

Immuno comp - TB

Children - Staph aereus, group A strep and gram -ve bacilli

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10
Q

Skin infections common cause

A

Most are gram +ve
Staph aereus, strep pyogenes

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11
Q

Soft tissue sepsis presentation?

A

Inflam cardinal signs of local
Systemic - fever, sweats, rigors

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12
Q

What layer does cellulitis affect?

A

SC tissue

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13
Q

Who does cellulitis tend to affect?

A

Patients with :

Ulcers - Vascular / DM patients
Tinea pedis
Obesity
SKin conditions - eczema

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14
Q

Cause Cellilitis

A

Strep Pyogenes

Staph aureus

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15
Q

What MUST you distinguish cellulitis from?

A

DVT !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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16
Q

Ix Cellulitis

A

Clinical diagnosis

Blood culture - ↑vol sample, more than 1 size and more than 1 time

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17
Q

Tx Cellulitis

A

Flucloxacillin

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18
Q

1st Line ABx treatment for staph aureus

A

Flucloxacillin

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19
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen
Stains for?

A

Myco TB

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20
Q

Blood agar
for?

A

Anaerobes
e.g. fusobacteria

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21
Q

Charcoal agar
For?

A

Campylobacer jejuni

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22
Q

Chocolate agar
For?

A

Anaerobes
e.g. S. pneumoniae

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23
Q

MacConkey
Stains for?

A

Lactose Fermenting bacteria

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24
Q

Pathogen causing Pneumonia?

A

Strep Pneumoniae

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25
Pathogen causing Bronchitis?
Adenovirus - Acute Rhinovirus - Chronic
26
Define pathogen
Organism that causes disease
27
Define commensal
Organism that colonises host but causes no disease normally
28
Define Opportunist pathogen
Microbe that only causes disease if host defence is compromised
29
Define Virulence or Pathogenicity
The degree to which an organism is pathogenic
30
Describe the stages of Gram staining
**Come In And Stain** 1. Fixate to microscope slide with heat or methanol 2. Apply **C**rystal violet - all cells turn purple 3. Apply **I**odine (Mordant) - crystal violet-iodine complexes form 4. Use **A**lcohol (acetone or ethanol) to decolourise and distinguish between +ve and -ve 5. Apply counterstain **S**afranin to stain Gram -ve pink
31
Why does Gram +VE stain purple?
Thick layer of peptidoglycans
32
What is coagulase?
Enzyme produced by S. Aureus that converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrinogen
33
Why might you use Beta Lactams or Glycopeptides against gram pos bacteria? | there's others u can use, not only for gram pos - but why miiight you?
Because Beta Lactams and Glycopeptides inhibit cell wall synthesis Gram +ve bacteria have thick cell walls!!! make them vulnerable!!!!!!
34
If penicllin is CI (bc penicllin allergy), what might you use instead?
Macrolides
35
Why is folate important for the baby during pregnancy?
Prevents spine bifida!!
36
What Abx for MRSA?
Vancomycin
37
What are mycobacteria?
Aerobic, non-spore forming, non-mobile bacilli
38
How to identify virsuses?
PCR + nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) OR serology
39
Why can't you culture viruses?
Bc only reproduce inside live cells
40
3 groups of worms
Nematodes - roundworms Trematodes - flatworms Ceratodes - tapeworms
41
How can adult worms replicate?
Can only replicate inside body if they have a period of development outside body
42
Which stain is used for Mycobacteria?
Ziehl-Neesen
43
Examples of protazoa
Malaria Giardia Lamblia Toxoplasmiosis
44
How are protozoae classified?
On movement
45
State the classes of protozoa
Ameoboids Ciliates Sporozoan Flagellates
46
Describe the cell wall of fungi
Chitin + Glucans
47
How do fungi move?
Either growing across or through structures OR dispersion in air or water
48
Describe the forms in which fungi can exist
Yeast - single cell that divides via budding? Moulds - form multicellular hyphae or spores
49
What do anti-fungals target?
Cell wall or plasma membrane "-azole" - ^but also this isnt true cos metronid"azole" targets parasites so idk
50
Regarding worms, what is the pre-patent perioid?
Interval between infection + appearance of eggs/larvae in stool
51
Describe the immune response against worms
Poor Mainly IgE + IgG mediated
52
Examples of worms
Hookworm Schistosmoiasis
53
Cause of Pharyngitis
Strep. Pyogens
54
Comps of Pharyngitis
Peri-tonsillar abscess Sinusitis Cervical lymphadenitis Rheumatoid fever Glomerulonephritis
55
How to detect bacterial causes of phayngitis?
Culture of charcoal throat swab
56
How to test for rotavirus?
Antigen detection on stool sample
57
How does rotavirus present?
DIarrhoea
58
How to test for EBV or haemolytic strep?
Venepuncture for acute phase serology
59
Comp of GB
RESP FAILURE ALWAYS CHECK FEV1 AND FVC
60
What is adenocarcinoma derived from?
Bronchial mucus glands
61
What cells regenerate?
Hepatocytes Pneumocytes All blood cells Gut epithelium Skin epithelium Osteocytes – help remodel bone fractures
62
Shingles Sx Sx Cause | grrrrrrrrrr
Painful red rash confined to single dermatome VZV
63
What does EBV cause?
Glandular fever
64
DDx Glandular fever
Step pyogens throat infection aka pharyngitis
65
How does glandular fever present? | Strep. pyogens also presents the same btw
White/Yellowish purulent lining over tonsils
66
How to diff between Strep Pyogens throat infection and glandular fever?
Strep pyogens - take a black charcoal swab !
67
Ix Glandular fever
FBC - atypical lymphocytes (basophilic cytoplasm + prominent nucleus) Serology for EBV Ig with clotted sample
68
Main AIDS defining illnesses
PNEUMOCYSTITIS JIROVECCI CMV colitis Oral candida (thrush) Lymphomas
69
Tx Pneumocystitis Jirovecci
Co-trimoxazole (aka septrin) + prednisolone if T1 resp failure
70
CMV Tx
IV ganciclovir
71
MC cause of meningitis
Enterovirus!!
72
Atypical pneumonia is resistant to?
Amoxicillin
73
Tx Atypical pneumonia
Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithryomycin) Fluroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) Tetracycline (doxycycline)
74
1st line for Legionella
Clarithromycin
75
H. influenzae Tx
Amoxicillin Co-amoxiclav
76
S. pneumoniae Tx
Amoxicillin
77
H. influenzae grown on what agar?
Chocolate agar as fastidious bacteria
78
TB Histology
Granuloma with central caseating necrosis
79
Other granulomatous causes? How do these differ from TB?
Sarcoidosis, Crohn's, Leprosy NON-CASEOUS
80
Mucus colour for brochiectasis
Yellow normally Green if exacerbations
81
P. aeruginosa Tx Brochiectasis
Piperacillin + tazobactem
82
Soft tissue infection patho
Pathogens enter soft tissue through breach in skin
83
Erysipelas Bacteria cause
S. pyogens s. Agalactiae S. aureus
84
Impetigo presentation
Honey-coloured, clustered, crusty lesions on chin and cheeks of young person Itchy growing spot which keep scratching Otherwise well
85
Swab for impetigo
Black charcoal
86
Cause impetigo
S. pyogens S. aureus mainly
87
Tx impetigo
Flucoxacillin or benzylpenicillin if s. pyogens only?
88
MRSA Ix
Chromogenic axilla and groin swab taken on admission
89
Tx MRSA
Vancomycin or Teicoplanin 2 weeks IV ABX MINUMUM If sus IE - 6 weeks minimum
90
What drugs can cause nephrotoxicity?
Vancomycin Teicoplanin Gentamycin (also ototoxic)
91
Uncomp UTI Tx
Trimethoprim 200mg 2xd for 3 days or Nitrofurantoin 50mg 4xd for 3 days
92
What is an important thing to note when doing urinalysis? Why?
NEVER on catheterised sample urine Bc bacteria likely present in all CSU samples regardless of infection or not! Whereas midstream urine is reliable as urinary tract is normally sterile!S.
93
S. Viridans Tx
IV Benzylepenicillin 4-6 weeks +/- gentamicin 2 weeks
94
MC cause of IE
S. aureus
95
Comp IE
Septicemboli! Stroke/PE etc
96

Phase 2 Quick (18 decks)

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