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332: Neurobiology > things I don't understand (1-4) > Flashcards

things I don't understand (1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 principles of door discrimination

A
  1. approx 1000 odorant receptor genes dedicated to olfaction in mammals
  2. each OSN expresses a single OR (which has a distinct odor ligand profile)
  3. OSNs expressing the same receptor converge on the same glomerulus in the brain
  4. each door is encoded combinatorial = one odor can activate multiple ORs and each OR can respond to multiple odors
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2
Q

what percentage of ORNs co-expres

A

10-25%

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3
Q

what is the receptor for sugar

A

GR5A

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4
Q

what is the receptor for caffeine (bitter)

A

GR66A

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5
Q

where do male flies perceive non-volatile pheremones

A

on the foreleg tarsi

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6
Q

what cranial nerves innervate the taste buds

A

7, 9 and 10

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7
Q

what is found in the walls of papilla

A

sensory cells with microvilli arranged in pit-like invaginations

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8
Q

what is attracted to CO2

A

mosquitos

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9
Q

where are internal sensilla found

A

in the pharyngeal portion of the proboscis

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10
Q

what degrades period
how

A

double-time - by hyperphosphorylation and degradation by proteolysis

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11
Q

how does light reach clock neurons

A

via photoreceptive organs containing rhodopsin (e.g ocelli and HB-eyelets)

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12
Q

how many OBPs are currently known, where are they secreted from

A

52 currently known
secreted from support cells

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13
Q

what does a mutation to OR67d cause in male flies

A

inadequate pheromone detection
= they court mated females and male flies

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14
Q

describe the activity of DN1 neurons

A

in the evening, output of DN1 is weak in high light, but strongly increases in low light

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15
Q

what is the function of PDF neurons

A

synchronise clock neurons in the absence of light

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16
Q

what happens in flies with null alleles of clock and cycle

A

less overall sleep than wild-type flies

17
Q

describe the process of arousal in neurons

A

light activates I-VLN
this releases PDF onto S-VLNs that project onto ellipsoid bodies to increase motor activity

18
Q

how do neurons control sleep

A

GABAergic sleep promoting neurons inhibit the arousal of I-VLN and S-VLNs

19
Q

what does VLN stand for

A

ventral lateral neurons

20
Q

temperature cycles are able to entrain the clock under constant light or dark cycles, what does this mean

A

there is an override of the light dependent degradation of timeless

21
Q

describe the evidence suggesting temperature reception is a tissue-autonomous process

A

isolated body parts are able to perceive temperature unlike isolated brains

22
Q

what gene is implicated in temperature reception

A

norpA gene

23
Q

what happens to animals carrying mutated norpA

A

they are unable to synchronise to temperature cycles

24
Q

what other gene is said to be implicated in temperature reception

A

Nocte gene

25
Q

describe the Siffre study

A

in 1962, Siffre spent 6 months with no exposure to light

his circadian rhythm remained consistent at 24 hours and 30 minutes

supporting evidence for the fact that circadian rhythms free run under constant conditions

26
Q

what higher order brain centre perceives sex peptide

A

SOG

27
Q

what centre of the female brain responds to auditory information

A

antennal mechanosensory and motor cortex

28
Q

in which sex is sex lethal protein only produced

A

in females

29
Q

what does the absence of sex lethal protein in males mean

A

transformer mRNA is spliced in the default pattern

30
Q

what happens in Fruitless null male flies

A

phenotypically male but they cannot court

31
Q

where are the sex specific transcripts of Dsx and Fruitless produced

A

P1 promoter (KO of these promoters is lethal)

32
Q

what does command centre visual info project to? what happens next

A

P1 cluster of neurons

  • they activate descending neurons that project down to the ventral ganglia
33
Q

what is the evidence for sex peptide in making females unreceptive

A

virgin females injected with sex peptide become unreceptive to mating

34
Q

what have gynandromorph studies revealed about the male courtship

A

only a single region in the dorsal protocerebrum needs to be genetically male for the fly to sing

(this region is rich in fruitless neurons)

35
Q

what OBP is used to detect female pheremones

A

OBP57d

36
Q

what receptor is involved in perceiving female pheromones (gustatorily)

A

GR32A

37
Q

what do mutations to GR32A mean

A

males show increased courtship towards males and mated females

the wings simultaneously extend during the courtship ritual.

332: Neurobiology (15 decks)

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